De novo mutations in the APC gene are responsible for 20-30% of FAP cases. In the presence of the characteristic RPE lesions, it is important to send the patient for work up of FAP even in the absence of family history of FAP.

The interest in the use of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) as an intervention to prevent and treat sarcopenia has increased over recent years. The purpose of this review is to explore recent evidence pertaining to the mechanism of action of HMB and how this may influence changes in lean mass and strength in older persons who are both hospitalized and living in the community.

No new studies have been published over the last 2 years investigating the effect of HMB in older persons who are hospitalized, aside from one posthoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial exploring the effect of a high protein oral nutrition supplement containing HMB on handgrip strength and nutritional status. Three studies recruiting community-dwelling older adults have been published, but results are influenced by suboptimal methodological quality.

Recent data suggest the need for high-quality studies investigating the effectiveness of HMB to improve outcomes related to sarcopenia in both hospitalized and community-dwelling older persons.

Recent data suggest the need for high-quality studies investigating the effectiveness of HMB to improve outcomes related to sarcopenia in both hospitalized and community-dwelling older persons.

Osteosarcopenia (the joint loss of bone density and muscle mass and function) is an emerging geriatric syndrome, which associates with poor health outcomes. Several nutrients including protein, vitamin D and calcium interact (directly or through absorption properties) to regulate muscle and bone metabolism. We provided an update on the efficacy of these nutrients on musculoskeletal outcomes in older adults with, or at risk of, osteosarcopenia.

Randomized trials show that correcting vitamin D and calcium deficiencies to meet the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) increases bone density and reduces fracture (but not falls) risk. Supplementing above the RDA with protein supports gains in lean mass and lumbar-spine bone density; however, there is inconclusive evidence for muscle strength, physical function or other bone density sites. A likely explanation for this relates to the significant heterogeneity between trials regarding protein dose, type and timing, as well as baseline protein intake. Further high-quality trials are needed in older osteosarcopenic adults to investigate the effects of protein (while correcting vitamin D and calcium deficiencies) on clinically meaningful outcomes such as activities of daily living, falls and fractures.

An adequate intake of protein (1.2-1.5 g/kg/day), vitamin D (800 IU/day) and calcium (1000-1200 mg/day), is well tolerated and effective at mitigating some aspects of osteosarcopenia such as lean mass, bone density and fracture risk.

An adequate intake of protein (1.2-1.5 g/kg/day), vitamin D (800 IU/day) and calcium (1000-1200 mg/day), is well tolerated and effective at mitigating some aspects of osteosarcopenia such as lean mass, bone density and fracture risk.Fibrinolytic enzymes with a direct mechanism of action and safer properties are currently requested for thrombolytic therapy. This paper reports on a new enzyme capable of degrading blood clots directly without impairing blood coagulation. This enzyme is also non-cytotoxic and constitutes an alternative to other thrombolytic enzymes known to cause undesired side effects. Akt inhibitor Twenty-four Bacillus isolates were screened for production of fibrinolytic enzymes using a fibrin agar plate. Based on produced activity, isolate S127e was selected and identified as B. subtilis using the 16S rDNA gene sequence. This strain is of biotechnological interest for producing high fibrinolytic yield and consequently has potential in the industrial field. The purified fibrinolytic enzyme has a molecular mass of 27.3 kDa, a predicted pI of 6.6, and a maximal affinity for Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe. This enzyme was almost completely inhibited by chymostatin with optimal activity at 48°C and pH 7. Specific subtilisin features were found in the gene sequence, indicating that this enzyme belongs to the BPN group of the S8 subtilisin family and was assigned as AprE127. This subtilisin increased thromboplastin time by 3.7% (37.6 to 39 s) and prothrombin time by 3.2% (12.6 to 13 s), both within normal ranges. In a whole blood euglobulin assay, this enzyme did not impair coagulation but reduced lysis time significantly. Moreover, in an in vitro assay, AprE127 completely dissolved a thrombus of about 1 cc within 50 min and, in vivo, reduced a thrombus prompted in a rat tail by 11.4% in 24 h compared to non-treated animals.Carotenoids, which have biologically beneficial effects and occur naturally in microorganisms and plants, are pigments widely applied in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. The compound 4,4′-diaponeurosporene is a C30 carotenoid produced by some Lactobacillus species, and Lactobacillus plantarum is the main species producing it. In this study, the antioxidant activity of 4,4′-diaponeurosporene extracted from L. plantarum subsp. plantarum KCCP11226 was examined. Maximum carotenoid content (0.74 ± 0.2 at A470) was obtained at a relatively low temperature (20°C). The DPPH radical scavenging ability of 4,4′-diaponeurosporene (1 mM) was approximately 1.7-fold higher than that of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), a well-known antioxidant food additive. In addition, the ABTS radical scavenging ability was shown to be 2.3- to 7.5-fold higher than that of BHT at the range of concentration from 0.25 mM to 1 mM. The FRAP analysis confirmed that 4,4′- diaponeurosporene (0.25 mM) was able to reduce Fe3+ by 8.0-fold higher than that of BHT. Meanwhile, 4,4′-diaponeurosporene has been confirmed to be highly resistant to various external stresses (acid/bile, high temperature, and lysozyme conditions). In conclusion, L. plantarum subsp. plantarum KCCP11226, which produces 4,4′-diaponeurosporene as a functional antioxidant, may be a potentially useful strain for the development of functional probiotic industries.