Background Since it was assumed that exercise might be a risk factor for upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), the frequency, severity and duration of URTI were assessed in female elite runners compared with matched sedentary group. Methods Oone group of elite runners (n = 20) and sedentary people (n = 20) selected and were matched one by one for their age, nutritional state, their place of living and somewhat genetic factors. These groups were observed for any signs and symptoms of upper respiratory illnesses, during 2.5 cold months of the year. Results Although the mean number of the illnesses in elite athletes (1.0 ± 0.8) was slightly lower than the control people (1.4 ± 0.8); there was not any statistically significant difference between them (p-value > 0/05). Furthermore, the mean days of disease (5.4 ± 3.8 in elite athletes vs. 5.6 ± 3.0 in control group) showed no significant statistical difference (p-value > 0/05). Even though elite athletes showed no severe cases of the disease, no significant difference was observed between the two groups (p-value > 0/05). Conclusions Elite athletes are not at greater risk for URTI and this may be due to the suitable physiological status of athletes or attributed to” repeated bout effect” phenomenon.Background/aim Filaggrin is a protein complex, involved in epidermal differentiation and skin barrier formation. Mutations of filaggrin gene (FLG) are associated with allergen sensitization and allergic diseases like atopic dermatitis (AD), allergic rhinitis, food allergy (FA) and asthma. The aim of the study is to reveal the frequency of changes in FLG gene and determine association between FLG loss-of-function (LOF) mutations and FA and/or AD in Turkish children. Materials and methods Four FLG loss-of-function (LOF) mutations known to be common in European populations were analyzed in 128 healthy, 405 food allergic children with or without atopic dermatitis and 61 children with atopic dermatitis. PCR-RFLP method was performed for genotyping R501X, 2282del4 and R2447X mutations. S3247X was genotyped using a Taqman-based allelic discrimination assay. Results were confirmed by DNA sequence analysis in randomly chosen 50 patients for all mutations. Results Four-hundred and sixty six patients ?(67% male, 1(0.7-2.8) years? and 128 healthy controls ?59% male, 2.4(1.4-3.5) years)? were included in this study. Two patients were heterozygous carriers of wild-type R501X, but none of the controls carried this mutation. Three patients and one healthy control were heterozygous carriers of wild-type 2282del4. Neither patients nor controls carried R2447X and S3247X FLG mutations. There was no combined mutations determined in heterozygous mutation carriers. Conclusions Although R501X, 2282del4, R2447X and S3247X mutations are very common in European populations, we found that FLG mutations were infrequent and there is not any significant association in Turkish individuals with food allergy and/or atopic dermatitis.Background/aim The evidence for the effectiveness of splinting in the thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis is limited. We aimed to evaluate the effects of the pre-fabricated carpometacarpal metacarpophalangeal immobilization splint on pain, hand function, and hand strength in patients with early stage thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis. Materials and methods Sixty-three hands with stage 1 or 2 thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis were enrolled in the study. The non-splint group received an oral information about how to accommodate daily activities. In addition, the splint group was given a pre-fabricated carpometacarpal metacarpophalangeal immobilization splint for 6 weeks. Pain was evaluated using the Australian/Canadian Osteoarthritis Hand Index (AUSCAN). Hand functions were evaluated using the AUSCAN and the Quick Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (Q-DASH) questionnaire. Grip and pinch strengths were measured using a hydraulic dynamometer and a hydraulic pinch gauge. Results The AUSCAN pain, stiffness, function, total scores and the Q-DASH scores were significantly decreased in the splint group compared to the non-splint group. Galunisertib Significant increments in grip and pinch strengths were detected in the splint group compared to the non-splint group. Conclusion The pre-fabricated carpometacarpal metacarpophalangeal immobilization splint is effective in improving pain, hand function, and hand strength in the patients with thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis.The style of Fang Shu() has been developing and improving since it was established in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and it has reached a climax in the Song Dynasty. On the basis of prescriptions, the Pu Ji Ben Shi Fang (, Universal Benefit from My Prsactice) added Xu Shuwei’s clinical cases and new experience. So it’s called “Ben Shi” . This paper starts from the style of compiling febrile diseases in the Pu Ji Ben Shi Fang, taking the layout of prescription, medical record and medical theory as the research object, discusses the internal relationship between the expression of academic focus and the change of style and structure of works. The whole book is based on prescriptions, through medical cases and medical theories explained the prescription, expanding relevant content, integrating the three parts as a whole, combined with the clinical practice and theoretical analysis, further explanation and proof of the efficacy of the formula. Combined with the changes of the style of the Fang Shu, this paper expounds that the combination of case and theory supporting prescription is an important feature of the compilation style of Fang Shu.During the winter and spring of 1966 to 1967, the nationwide revolution networking not only exerted great pressure on food, housing and transportation, but also triggered the most serious nationwide epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis outbreak in history. The students of the revolution networking were the disseminators of the disease and the first group of patients. The unprecedented scale and scope of the epidemic, the destroyed medical and health order and other factors exacerbated the epidemic situation. Zhou Enlai restarted the ” prevention and treatment by masses ” mode to gradually control the epidemic. Fifty years later, looking back on the history of the epidemic situation and prevention and control of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, many problems are worth pondering deeply.