Reconstructions of the global mean annual temperature evolution during the Holocene yield conflicting results. One temperature reconstruction shows global cooling during the late Holocene. The other reconstruction reveals global warming. Here we show that both a global warming mode and a cooling mode emerge when performing a spatio-temporal analysis of annual temperature variability during the Holocene using data from a transient climate model simulation. The warming mode is most pronounced in the tropics. The simulated cooling mode is determined by changes in the seasonal cycle of Arctic sea-ice that are forced by orbital variations and volcanic eruptions. The warming mode dominates in the mid-Holocene, whereas the cooling mode takes over in the late Holocene. The weighted sum of the two modes yields the simulated global temperature trend evolution. Our findings have strong implications for the interpretation of proxy data and the selection of proxy locations to compute global mean temperatures.Glioblastoma cancer-stem like cells (GSCs) display marked resistance to ionizing radiation (IR), a standard of care for glioblastoma patients. Mechanisms underpinning radio-resistance of GSCs remain largely unknown. Chromatin state and the accessibility of DNA lesions to DNA repair machineries are crucial for the maintenance of genomic stability. Understanding the functional impact of chromatin remodeling on DNA repair in GSCs may lay the foundation for advancing the efficacy of radio-sensitizing therapies. Here, we present the results of a high-content siRNA microscopy screen, revealing the transcriptional elongation factor SPT6 to be critical for the genomic stability and self-renewal of GSCs. Mechanistically, SPT6 transcriptionally up-regulates BRCA1 and thereby drives an error-free DNA repair in GSCs. SPT6 loss impairs the self-renewal, genomic stability and tumor initiating capacity of GSCs. Collectively, our results provide mechanistic insights into how SPT6 regulates DNA repair and identify SPT6 as a putative therapeutic target in glioblastoma.Precisely controlled deuterium labeling at specific sites of N-alkyl drugs is crucial in drug-development as over 50% of the top-selling drugs contain N-alkyl groups, in which it is very challenging to selectively replace protons with deuterium atoms. With the goal of achieving controllable isotope-labeling in N-alkylated amines, we herein rationally design photocatalytic water-splitting to furnish [H] or [D] and isotope alkanol-oxidation by photoexcited electron-hole pairs on a polymeric semiconductor. The controlled installation of N-CH3, -CDH2, -CD2H, -CD3, and -13CH3 groups into pharmaceutical amines thus has been demonstrated by tuning isotopic water and methanol. More than 50 examples with a wide range of functionalities are presented, demonstrating the universal applicability and mildness of this strategy. Gram-scale production has been realized, paving the way for the practical photosynthesis of pharmaceuticals.Mastering the dynamics of molecular assembly on surfaces enables the engineering of predictable structural motifs to bestow programmable properties upon target substrates. Yet, monitoring self-assembly in real time on technologically relevant interfaces between a substrate and a solution is challenging, due to experimental complexity of disentangling interfacial from bulk phenomena. Here, we show that graphene devices can be used as highly sensitive detectors to read out the dynamics of molecular self-assembly at the solid/liquid interface in-situ. Irradiation of a photochromic molecule is used to trigger the formation of a metastable self-assembled adlayer on graphene and the dynamics of this process are monitored by tracking the current in the device over time. In perspective, the electrical readout in graphene devices is a diagnostic and highly sensitive means to resolve molecular ensemble dynamics occurring down to the nanosecond time scale, thereby providing a practical and powerful tool to investigate molecular self-organization in 2D.Noncollinear spin textures in low-dimensional magnetic systems have been studied for decades because of their extraordinary properties and promising applications derived from the chirality and topological nature. However, material realizations of topological spin states are still limited. read more Employing first-principles and Monte Carlo simulations, we propose that monolayer chromium trichloride (CrCl3) can be a promising candidate for observing the vortex/antivortex type of topological defects, so-called merons. The numbers of vortices and antivortices are found to be the same, maintaining an overall integer topological unit. By perturbing with external magnetic fields, we show the robustness of these meron pairs and reveal a rich phase space to tune the hybridization between the ferromagnetic order and meron-like defects. The signatures of topological excitations under external magnetic field also provide crucial information for experimental justifications. Our study predicts that two-dimensional magnets with weak spin-orbit coupling can be a promising family for realizing meron-like spin textures.Spin angular momentum enables fundamental insights for topological matters, and practical implications for information devices. Exploiting the spin of carriers and waves is critical to achieving more controllable degrees of freedom and robust transport processes. Yet, due to the curl-free nature of longitudinal waves distinct from transverse electromagnetic waves, spin angular momenta of acoustic waves in solids and fluids have never been unveiled only until recently. Here, we demonstrate a metasurface waveguide for sound carrying non-zero acoustic spin with tight spin-momentum coupling, which can assist the suppression of backscattering when scatters fail to flip the acoustic spin. This is achieved by imposing a soft boundary of the π reflection phase, realized by comb-like metasurfaces. With the special-boundary-defined spin texture, the acoustic spin transports are experimentally manifested, such as the suppression of acoustic corner-scattering, the spin-selected acoustic router with spin-Hall-like effect, and the phase modulator with rotated acoustic spin.