The corresponding mechanism function was f(α) = 1, the apparent activation energy (Eα) was 51.56 kJ/mol, and the kinetics equation was k = 3.14exp(- 51.56/RT). Using the SRMS technology, magnetite gradually formed from hematite, starting at the outer particle layers and moving inward toward the core. The microcracks and pores in the surface of the particles increased, which promoted CO penetration into the particles where it reacted with the hematite. Our results provide important insight into the efficient and clean recycling of iron tailings.Comprehensive understanding of stress response and tolerance to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in plants at physiological, biochemical and molecular levels is scarce. Here, lettuce was cultivated in hydroponic media, to investigate the cross-talk among reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, oxidative damage, antioxidative defense and metabolic regulation in different parts of plants. Under exposure to 5 and 50 μg/L PFOS for 10 days, 8.8 and 82.5 ng/g dry weight (dw) PFOS were accumulated in leaves, respectively, and 150.9 and 1445.6 ng/g dw in roots, respectively·H2O2 was the dominant ROS in roots, while H2O2 and •O2- were detected in leaves. Impaired permeability of plasma membrane (58.7-88.7%, p less then 0.05) and reduction in chlorophyll a (41.4-55.6%, p less then 0.01) and b (38.4-41.3%, p less then 0.01) were observed in leaves. #link# The concentration of soluble proteins was elevated by 93.2-127.4% in roots (p less then 0.05). Non-enzymatic antioxidants (glutathione, phenolics and carotenoids) were regulated to scavenge ROS in leaves, beside additional enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) were activated in roots. Metabolomics revealed that some metabolites in primary (amino acids and carbohydrates) and secondary ((poly)phenols, terpenoids and benzylisoquinolines) metabolism were regulated, in accordance with the ROS scavenging process in plants. Our results demonstrated stress response and tolerance to PFOS were different in lettuce leaves and roots, and multiple defensive mechanisms in roots rendered high tolerance to PFOS.Manganese (Mn) oxide minerals, such as birnessite, are thought to play an important role in affecting the mobility and fate of antimony (Sb) in the environment. In this study, we investigate Sb partitioning and speciation during anoxic incubation of Sb(V)-coprecipitated birnessite in the presence and absence of Mn(II)aq at pH 5.5 and 7.5. Antimony K-edge XANES spectroscopy revealed that Sb(V) persisted as the only solid-phase Sb species for all experimental treatments. Manganese K-edge EXAFS and XRD results showed that, in the absence of Mn(II), the Sb(V)-bearing birnessite underwent no detectable mineralogical transformation during 7 days. In contrast, the addition of 10 mM Mn(II) at pH 7.5 induced relatively rapid (within 24 h) transformation of birnessite to manganite (~93%) and hausmannite (~7%). Importantly, no detectable Sb was measured in the aqueous phase for this treatment (compared with up to ∼90 μmol L-1 Sb in the corresponding Mn(II)-free treatment). At pH 5.5 , birnessite reacted with 10 mM Mn(II)aq displayed no detectable mineralogical transformation, yet had substantially increased Sb retention in the solid phase, relative to the corresponding Mn(II)-free treatment. These findings suggest that the Mn(II)-induced transformation and recrystallization of birnessite can exert an important control on the mobility of co-associated Sb.Convenient structures such as 2,4-diketo esters have been widely used as an effective pattern in medicinal chemistry and pharmacology for drug discovery. 2,4-Diketonate is a common scaffold that can be found in many biologically active and naturally occurring compounds. Also, many 2,4-diketo ester derivatives have been prepared due to their suitable synthesis. These synthetic drugs and natural products have shown numerous interesting biological properties with clinical potential as a cure for the broad specter of diseases. This review aims to highlight the important evidence of 2,4-diketo esters as a privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry and pharmacology. Herein, numerous aspects of 2,4-diketo esters will be summarized, including synthesis and isolation of their derivatives, development of novel synthetic methodologies, the evaluation of their biological properties as well as the mechanisms of action of the diketo ester derivates. This paperwork is expected to be a comprehensive, trustworthy, and critical review of the 2,4-diketo ester intermediate to the chemistry community.The in vitro activity against Leishmania spp. of five novel designed compounds, phenalenone derivatives, is described in this study. Previous works have shown that some phenalenones present leishmanicidal activity, some of which could induce programmed cell death events in L. amazonensis parasites. In this research, we focused on the determination of the programmed cell death evidence by detecting the characteristic features of the apoptosis-like process, such as phosphatidylserine exposure and mitochondrial membrane potential, among others. The results showed that the new derivatives have comparable or better activity and selectivity than the commonly prescribed anti-leishmanial drug. This result was obtained by inducing stronger mitochondrial depolarization or more intense phosphatidylserine exposure than miltefosine, highlighting compound 8 with moreover 9-times better selectivity index. In addition, the new five molecules activated the apoptosis-like process in the parasite. Tolinapant observed were indicative of the death process that the parasites were undergoing.Understanding spoken language requires analysis of the rapidly unfolding speech signal at multiple levels acoustic, phonological, and semantic. However, there is not yet a comprehensive picture of how these levels relate. We recorded electroencephalography (EEG) while listeners (N = 31) heard sentences in which we manipulated acoustic ambiguity (e.g., a bees/peas continuum) and sentential expectations (e.g., Honey is made by bees). EEG was analyzed with a mixed effects model over time to quantify how language processing cascades proceed on a millisecond-by-millisecond basis. Our results indicate (1) perceptual processing and memory for fine-grained acoustics is preserved in brain activity for up to 900 msec; (2) contextual analysis begins early and is graded with respect to the acoustic signal; and (3) top-down predictions influence perceptual processing in some cases, however, these predictions are available simultaneously with the veridical signal. These mechanistic insights provide a basis for a better understanding of the cortical language network.