However, although the relative changes might be proportional, the absolute increases evidence a pattern of growing cumulative advantage that favor the highest-funded institutions and private institutions. The potential consequences of this disproportionate increase include health science education, biomedical research, and patient access disparities in large parts of the country. Mycophenolate mofetil The NIH and the scientific community should explore potential solutions in its funding models.The creation of species-specific valid tools for pain assessment is essential to recognize pain and determine the requirement and efficacy of analgesic treatments. This study aimed to assess behaviour and investigate the validity and reliability of an acute pain scale in pigs undergoing orchiectomy. Forty-five pigs aged 38±3 days were castrated under local anaesthesia. Behaviour was video-recorded 30 minutes before and intermittently up to 24 hours after castration. Edited footage (before surgery, after surgery before and after rescue analgesia, and 24 hours postoperatively) was analysed twice (one month apart) by one observer who was present during video-recording (in-person researcher) and three blinded observers. Statistical analysis was performed using R software and differences were considered significant when p0.95). The proposed scale is a reliable and valid instrument and may be used clinically and experimentally to assess postoperative acute pain in pigs. The well-defined cut-off point supports the evaluator´s decision to provide or not analgesia.Tertiary stereogenic centers containing a fluorine atom are valuable for medicinal chemistry because they mimic common tertiary stereogenic centers containing one hydrogen, but possess distinct charge distribution, lipophilicity, conformation, and metabolic stability1-3. Although tertiary stereogenic centers containing one hydrogen atom are often set by enantioselective reactions at one of two methylene carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds, tertiary stereocenters containing fluorine have not been constructed by the analogous reaction at one of two difluoromethylene carbon-fluorine (C-F) bonds3. Fluorine atoms are close in size to hydrogen atoms, but distinct in electronic properties, causing C-F bonds to be exceptionally strong and geminal C-F bonds to strengthen one another4. Thus, exhaustive defluorination typically dominates over selective replacement of a single C-F bond, making the more valuable enantioselective substitution of one fluorine atom to form a stereogenic center enantioselectively unknown5,6. We report the catalytic, enantioselective activation of a single C-F bond in an allylic difluoromethylene group to provide a broad range of products containing a monofluorinated-tertiary stereogenic center. By combining a tailored, chiral iridium phosphoramidite catalyst that controls regioselectivity, chemoselectivity, and enantioselectivity with a fluorophilic activator that assists oxidative addition of the C-F bond, these reactions occur in high yield and selectivity. The design principles outlined in this work extend to palladium-catalyzed benzylic substitution, demonstrating the generality of the approach.BACKGROUND The established clinical criteria for gastric cancer prognosis are insufficient due to molecular heterogeneity. Therefore, constructing a robust prognostic model is essential to predict gastric cancer patient survival. MATERIAL AND METHODS A comprehensive method, which combined weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) with elastic-net Cox regression, was utilized to identify prognostic long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) from Gene Expression Omnibus database for overall survival (OS) prediction. Methods using WGCNA or elastic-net Cox regression alone were treated as “contrast” methods. The univariate and multivariate Cox regression was used to identify independent prognostic clinical factors. We performed 3-year and 5-year area under the curve (AUC) of the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic comparison of 3 different methods in gene and clinical-gene models to explore the prediction ability of the comprehensive method. The optimal model identified in the training set were validated in the validation set. Biological information analysis for the optimal model was also explored. RESULTS The clinical-gene model containing 13 co-expression lncRNAs identified by the comprehensive method and 3 clinical factors including molecular subtype, recurrence status and operation type, was the found to be the optimal model in the study, with 0.832 and 0.830 for the 3-year and 5-year AUC in the training set, and 0.764 and 0.778 in the validation set, respectively. Biological information analysis suggested that lipid metabolism played an important role in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. CONCLUSIONS We constructed a novel prognostic model containing 13 co-expression lncRNAs and 3 clinical factors for gastric cancer patients.Objective Orientation selectivity is one of the significant characteristics of neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1). Some neurons in extrastriate visual cortical areas also exhibit certain orientation selectivity. But it is still not well understood that how the orientation selectivity generates. Most previous studies about the orientation selectivity are based on the spike firing rate. However, the spikes are prone to be biased by the detection and sorting algorithms. Then, in this paper, the local field potential (LFP) is adopted to investigate the mechanism of orientation selectivity. Approach We used the quadratic phase coupling (QPC), which was calculated by wavelet bicoherence, to describe the characteristics of orientation selectivity available in V1 and V4. The raw wideband neural signals were recorded by two chronically implanted multi-electrode arrays, which were placed in V1 and V4 respectively in two macaques performing a selective visual attention task. Main results There is a strong correlation between the total bicoherence (TotalBic), which is a quantization for the overall QPC of frequency pairs in gamma band, and the grating orientation. Furthermore, the QPC distribution at the non-preferred orientation is mainly concentrated in the low frequencies (30-40 Hz) of gamma; while the QPC distribution at the preferred orientation concentrates in both the low frequencies and high frequencies (60-80 Hz) of gamma. In addition, the TotalBic of the gamma-band LFP between V1 and V4 varies with the grating orientations, indicating that the QPC is available in the feedforward link and the gamma-band LFP in V1 modulates the QPC in V4. Significance The QPC reflects the orientations of the sinusoidal grating and describes the interaction of gamma-band LFP between different brain regions. Our results suggest that the QPC is an alternative avenue to explore the mechanism for generating orientation selectivity of visual neurons effectively.