A new pandemic is ongoing in several parts of the world. The agent responsible is the newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The symptoms associated with this virus are known as the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). In this review, we summarize the published data on virus specific antibodies in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 disease, patients recovered from the disease and the individuals who are asymptomatic with SARS-CoV-2 infections. The review highlights the following i) an adjunct role of antibody tests in the diagnosis of COVID-19 in combination with RT-PCR; ii) status of antibodies from COVID-19 convalescent patients to select donors for plasma therapy; iii) the potential confounding effects of other coronaviruses, measles, mumps and rubella in antibody testing due to homology of certain viral genes; and iv) the role of antibody testing for conducting surveillance in populations, incidence estimation, contact tracing and epidemiologic studies.

We aimed to describe the respiratory supports and determine their association with clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients in intensive care unit (ICU).

A systemic literature search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, MedRxiv and BioRxiv database from December 2019 to 2 July 2020. Studies reporting the application of respiratory supports in COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU were included.

Forty studies with 15320 COVID-19 patients were included in this systematic review. The proportion of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) application in ICU patients with COVID-19 was 73.8%. Further analysis elucidated that the use rate of IMV in Asia, Europe and North America was 47%, 76.2% and 80.2%, respectively. The proportion of patients treated with prone positioning and IMV was 29.4%. 25.5% of COVID-19 patients requiring IMV developed ventilator-associated pneumonia. The mortality of patients treated with IMV was 51.1%, while only 17.5% of critically ill COVID-19 patients treated with non-IMV respiratory support died. Additionally, the utilization rate of IMV in non-survival patients was shown 17.26-folds (95%CI 2.89-103.24,

= 0.002) higher than that in survival patients, while the use rate of ECMO was no significant difference.

Our findings highlight respiratory supports of COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU in different continents. IMV is a life-saving strategy for critically ill COVID-19 patients with ARDS, yet the mortality remains very high.

Our findings highlight respiratory supports of COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU in different continents. IMV is a life-saving strategy for critically ill COVID-19 patients with ARDS, yet the mortality remains very high.Due to globalization expansion, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is no longer an unfamiliar concept in emerging markets. In the case of Vietnam, its implementation will be influenced by several factors, including ethical leadership. selleck chemical Drawing upon the stakeholder theory, this study develops and tests a serial mediation model to explain how CSR and firm reputation can connect ethical leadership to enhanced firm performance. The PLS-SEM results from survey data collected from 653 mid- and top-level managers from large companies in Vietnam indicate that ethical leadership positively influences CSR, which, in turn, results in enhanced firm reputation and firm performance. This study contributes to research on the intersection between CSR and leadership in the context of emerging markets. This study also provides some managerial implications for Vietnamese firms striving to promote ethical leadership to achieve CSR outcomes.This study was conducted to evaluate the Physicochemical properties of honey produced in Doyogena and Kachabira districts, of Kembata Tambaro Zone, Southern Ethiopia. For the laboratory evaluation a total of eighteen (18) honey samples were collected. Of the total of 18 honey samples, 12 (6 from highland and 6 from midland) were purposively taken directly from the beekeepers from frame beehives and 6 honey samples were randomly taken from six retailor shops. The main parameters analyzed were color, moisture, electrical conductivity, ash, reducing sugar, fructose to glucose ratio, glucose to water ratio, fructose, glucose, fructose plus glucose, sucrose, Hydroxyl methyl furfural, power of hydrogen and free acidity. These parameters were evaluated in the Holetta bee research center laboratory and results were analyzed by Statistical analysis system software. The result of laboratory work indicated that the mean value of moisture, electrical conductivity, ash, reducing sugar, fructose to glucose ratio, glucose tse, Hydroxyl methyl furfural and free acidity. The result of the study indicated that all the physicochemical parameters of honey evaluated lie within the range of national and international standards. Because of the good quality of honey of the study area, it is advised to exploit the potential for export market with better intervention.Evolutionary biologists and disease biologists use the terms strain and adaptation in Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) research in different ways. In evolutionary biology, a strain is a nascent genetic lineage that can be described by a genealogy, and a phylogenetic nomenclature constructed to reflect that genealogy. Prion strains are described as showing distinct host range, clinical presentation, disease progression, and neuropathological and PrP biochemical profiles, and lack information that would permit phylogenetic reconstruction of their history. Prion strains are alternative protein conformations, sometimes derived from the same genotype. I suggest referring to prion strains as ecotypes, because the variant phenotypic conformations (“strains”) are a function of the interaction between PRNP amino acid genotype and the host environment. In the case of CWD, a prion ecotype in white-tailed deer would be described by its genotype and the host in which it occurs, such as the H95 + ecotype. However, an evolutionary view of adaptation. I suggest terming the process of prion strain origination “phenotypic transformation”, and only adaptation if evidence shows they are not maladaptive and persist over evolutionary time periods (e.g., thousands of generations) and across distinct species boundaries (via inheritance). Thus, prion biologists use strain and adaptation, historically evolutionary terms, in quite different ways.