NK cells are innate lymphocytes responsible for lysis of pathogen-infected and transformed cells. One of the major activating receptors required for target cell recognition is the NK group 2D (NKG2D) receptor. Numerous reports show the necessity of NKG2D for effective tumor immune surveillance. Further studies identified NKG2D as a key element allowing tumor immune escape. We here use a mouse model with restricted deletion of NKG2D in mature NKp46+ cells (NKG2DΔNK ). NKG2DΔNK NK cells develop normally, have an unaltered IFN-γ production but kill tumor cell lines expressing NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs) less efficiently. However, upon long-term stimulation with IL-2, NKG2D-deficient NK cells show increased levels of the lytic molecule perforin. Thus, our findings demonstrate a dual function of NKG2D for NK cell cytotoxicity; while NKG2D is a crucial trigger for cytotoxicity of tumor cells expressing activating ligands it is also capable to limit perforin production in IL-2 activated NK cells. © 2020 The Authors. European Journal of Immunology published by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Nanophthalmos and posterior microphthalmos are ocular abnormalities in which both eyes are abnormally small, and typically associated with extreme hyperopia. BIBF 1120 We recruited 40 individuals from 13 kindreds with nanophthalmos or posterior microphthalmos, with 12 probands subjected to exome sequencing. Nine probands (69.2%) were assigned a genetic diagnosis, with variants in MYRF, TMEM98, MFRP, and PRSS56. Two of four PRSS56 families harbored the previously described c.1066dupC variant implicated in over half of all reported PRSS56 kindreds, with different surrounding haplotypes in each family suggesting a mutational hotspot. Individuals with a genetic diagnosis had shorter mean axial lengths and higher hyperopia than those without, with recessive forms associated with the most extreme phenotypes. These findings detail the genetic architecture of nanophthalmos and posterior microphthalmos in a cohort of predominantly European ancestry, their relative clinical phenotypes, and highlight the shared genetic architecture of rare and common disorders of refractive error. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.In Europe at present, but also in 2040, 1 in 3 cancer-related deaths are expected to be caused by digestive cancers. Endoscopic technologies enable diagnosis, with relatively low invasiveness, of precancerous conditions and early cancers, thereby improving patient survival. Overall, endoscopy capacity must be adjusted to facilitate both effective screening programs and rigorous control of the quality assurance and surveillance systems required. 1 For average-risk populations, ESGE recommends the implementation of organized population-based screening programs FOR COLORECTAL CANCER , based on fecal immunochemical testing (FIT), targeting individuals, irrespective of gender, aged between 50 and 75 years. Depending on local factors, namely the adherence of the target population and availability of endoscopy services, primary screening by colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy may also be recommendable. 2 In high-risk populations, endoscopic screening FOR GASTRIC CANCER should be considered for individuals aged more than 40 years. Its use in countries/regions with intermediate risk may be considered on the basis of local settings and availability of endoscopic resources. 3 For esophageal and pancreatic cancer, endoscopic screening may be considered only in high-risk individuals- FOR SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA , in those with a personal history of head/neck cancer, achalasia, or previous caustic injury; – FOR BARRETT’S ESOPHAGUS (BE)-ASSOCIATED ADENOCARCINOMA , in those with long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms (i. e., > 5 years) and multiple risk factors (age ≥ 50 years, white race, male sex, obesity, first-degree relative with BE or esophageal adenocarcinoma [EAC]). – FOR PANCREATIC CANCER SCREENING , endoscopic ultrasound may be used in selected high-risk patients such as those with a strong family history and/or genetic susceptibility. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.Mothers are present 10% of total NICU time.. · Fathers are present 5% of total NICU time.. · Fathers’ presence was associated with a shorter stay.. · Grandparents’ presence was associated with a shorter stay.. · Females were present significantly more than males.. OBJECTIVE  The aim of this study is to examine presence trends for parents and family members during an infant’s Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) hospitalization. STUDY DESIGN  We conducted a review of 386 infants hospitalized in a Level IV NICU in the Northwestern United States between June 2013 and April 2014 to quantitatively examine presence trends. RESULTS  Infants were visited by multiple family members. The father was the most common first family member at the bedside after admission. Parents were present over half of the days their infants were in the NICU (medians mothers 75% and fathers 59%), but a relatively small percentage of the total hospitalization time (medians 10% mothers and 5% fathers). Fathers’, grandmothers’, and grandfathers’ presence with their infants in the NICU were negatively correlated with infants’ total length of stay in the NICU. This finding was not replicated for mothers. Female family members were present in the NICU more than male family members. CONCLUSION  Parents are present a small percent of the time their infants are hospitalized in the NICU. NICU based methods to improve family presence may lead to improved patient and family centered care. Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.QBL detects hemorrhage more frequently than visual estimation.. · Median QBL is significantly greater than median EBL.. · There is poor agreement between QBL and EBL.. OBJECTIVE  The aim of the study is to compare quantified blood loss measurement (QBL) using an automated system (Triton QBL, Menlo Park, CA) with visual blood loss estimation (EBL) during vaginal delivery. STUDY DESIGN  During 274 vaginal deliveries, both QBL and EBL were determined. The automated system batch weighs blood containing sponges, towels, pads, and other supplies and automatically subtracts their dry weights and also the measured amount of amniotic fluid. Each method was performed independently, and clinicians were blinded to the device’s results. RESULTS  Median QBL (339 mL [217-515]) was significantly greater than median EBL (300 mL [200-350]; p 1,000 mL (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION  Automated QBL recognizes more patients with excessive blood loss than visual estimation. To realize the value of QBL, clinicians must accept the inadequacy of visual estimation and implement protocols based on QBL values.