In recent years, technological advances in sequencing have accelerated our understanding of epigenetics in ocular development and ophthalmic diseases. We now know that epigenetic modifications are necessary for normal ocular development and biological processes such as corneal wound healing and ocular surface repair, while aberrant epigenetic regulation underlies the pathogenesis of a wide range of ocular diseases, including cataracts and various diseases of the ocular surface. As the epigenetics of the eye is a constantly changing field of medicine, this comprehensive review focuses on innovations and scientific discoveries related to epigenetic control of anterior segment diseases that were published in the English literature in the past five years. These recent studies attempt to elucidate therapeutic targets for the anterior segment pathological processes. Already, recent studies have shown therapeutic potential in targeting epigenetic mechanisms of ocular disease, and new epigenetic therapies are on the verge of being introduced to clinical practice. New drug targets can potentially emerge as we make further discoveries within this field. Cancer is a global health problem and is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Pleasingly, the rate of survival has improved and continues in an upward trend mainly due to better diagnosis and treatment modalities. In particular, the development of anticancer drugs including cytotoxic chemotherapy, hormonal agents and targeted therapies have provided the most effective treatment options in combatting cancerous cells. However, the antineoplastic mechanisms of these drugs can also lead to undesirable systemic and ocular side effects resulting from cytotoxicity, inflammation and neurotoxicity. While survival rates are projected to increase with time, the number of patients presenting with these side effects that can substantially impact quality of life will also rise. The current paper reviews the ocular surface and adnexal side effects of anticancer drugs, the appropriate management and possible interactions between drugs for ocular surface pathology treatment and the anticancer drugs. PURPOSE To visualize and quantify vascular networks in individuals with ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) through optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). METHOD Cross-sectional study of OSSN patients. Vascular networks were measured by OCTA in the epithelium and sub-epithelial space in the tumors, adjacent tissue, and in the contralateral eye. Vessel area density (VAD, percent of blood vessels within 2.14 mm2), was calculated for each location. Total tumor density (TTD, percent of blood vessels within the entire tumor) was calculated. VAD was assessed separately for corneal and conjunctival locations and compared. RESULTS Fifteen patients with OSSN were included. The mean age was 61 ± 12 years and the majority were male (80%). The mean tumor area, volume, depth, VAD, and TTD were 28.6 ± 8.1 mm2 (range, 14.1-39.0), 9.1 ± 4.2 mm3 (range, 3.4-18.8), 317 ± 107 μm (range, 177-570), and 32.2% ± 11.7% (range, 18.3-58.8), respectively. The VAD was highest under the conjunctival component of tumor (42.6% ± 9.6%) followed by within the conjunctival tumor (32.8% ± 8.3%). These densities were higher than the VADs measured in all other tissues (all P  less then  0.01). The VAD within conjunctival component of tumor was significantly higher than those with corneal component (33.5% ± 9.6% vs. 26.8% ± 6.1%, p = 0.046). The VAD under conjunctival tumor was also significantly higher than under corneal component (46.4% ± 8.6% vs. 35.2% ± 5.6%, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS OCTA imaging allowed for visualization and quantification of vessel structure and density within, under, and surrounding OSSN. Fasciola hepatica is a common parasite of livestock in Ireland, causing significant economic losses and affecting animal welfare. A previous abattoir study of 200 horses led to an estimated 9.5 % prevalence of infection in horses slaughtered in Ireland. However, the epidemiology and pathogenic significance of this infection in this species is not well-described. The objectives of this study were to determine the susceptibility of horses to oral challenge infection with F. hepatica metacercariae, and to document the course of the infection along with serological and biochemical response. We attempted an experimental infection of horses (n = 10; 9 geldings and 1 mare) with F. hepatica. Four were given 1000 metacercariae, four 500 metacercariae and two were sham-infected. Blood and faecal samples were taken at intervals up to 18 weeks post-infection (wpi). NaB inhibitor manufacturer ELISA assays were used to assess sero-conversion in the experimental horses and also in a panel of sera from horses of known fluke status. No flukes were recovered from any of the livers, and neither were any lesions that could be attributed to F. hepatica infection observed. Coproantigen ELISA was negative throughout for all horses. Three antibody detection ELISAs, useful in diagnosing fasciolosis in other species, had limitations as diagnostic aids as determined using a panel of sera from horses of known F. hepatica infection status. This study is limited by the relatively small number of animals included, and the relatively short duration of the study period. Failure to establish infection after oral challenge raises fundamental questions on the pathophysiology and epidemiology of equine fasciolosis. A 76-year-old male whose brain MRI demonstrated an anterior right frontal broad dural based homogenously enhancing mass measuring 6.0×3.1×6.3cm. after presenting with a one year progressive cognitive dysfunction. A right sided pterional craniotomy and resection of mass was performed under general anesthesia with an uncomplicated intraoperative course. Postoperatively, the right eye was noted to have an afferent pupillary defect, complete ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, and significant resistance to retropulsion. Emergent ophthalmologic consultation confirmed the ocular exam and the diagnosis of right orbital compartment syndrome was suspected. A right lateral canthotomy and cantholysis was performed by the ophthalmologist at the bedside. The fundoscopic retinal evaluation was normal. Non-contrast CT of the head demonstrated expected postoperative changes and mild edema of the right frontal lobe without evidence of acute hemorrhage. There was no retro-orbital hematoma but the right extra-ocular muscles appeared edematous compared to the left.