n boys in the neonatal care setting. ML390 EAP in neonates might potentially be used for diagnosis and therapeutic opinions in neonates in the future.X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) deficiency is a rare inborn error of immunity first described in 2006. XIAP deficiency is characterised by immune dysregulation and a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, including haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), hypogammaglobulinemia, susceptibility to infections, splenomegaly, cytopaenias, and other less common autoinflammatory phenomena. Since the first description of the disease, many XIAP deficient patients have been identified and our understanding of the disease has grown. Over 90 disease causing mutations have been described and more inflammatory disease manifestations, such as hepatitis, arthritis, and uveitis, are now well-recognised. Recently, following the introduction of reduced intensity conditioning (RIC), outcomes of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), the only curative treatment option for XIAP deficiency, have improved. The pathophysiology of XIAP deficiency is not fully understood, however it is known that XIAP plays a role in both the innate and adaptive immune response and in immune regulation, most notably through modulation of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor signalling and regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activity. In this review we will provide an up to date overview of both the clinical aspects and pathophysiology of XIAP deficiency.Impaired neurodevelopment is increasingly recognized as a major health issue in children born prematurely. Creative music therapy (CMT) intends to prevent and or reduce neurobehavioral deficits in pre-term infants using musical stimulation and socio-emotional co-regulation. We conducted a randomized, clinical pilot CMT trial to test feasibility and to examine long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in pre-term infants (NCT02434224 https//clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02434224). Eighty-two pre-term infants were randomized either to CMT or standard care. A specially trained music therapist provided family-integrating CMT via infant-directed singing during hospitalization. Fifty-six infants underwent follow-up at 2 years of corrected age. No significant beneficial nor adverse effects of CMT were identified in routine clinical neurodevelopmental measures (Bayley-III Scales of Infant and Toddler Development and the standardized neurological examination). Longer term follow-up (5 years) and larger future studies are recommended to elucidate possible long-term effects of music in relation to more sensitive outcomes including executive function, detailed language processing and social-emotional development.In December 2019, the first case of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first reported in Wuhan, China. As of March 2021, there were more than 120 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 2.7 million deaths. The COVID-19 mortality rate in adults is around 1-5%, and only a small proportion of children requires hospitalization and intensive care. Recently, an increasing number of COVID-19 cases in children have been associated with a new multisystem inflammatory syndrome. Its clinical features and laboratory characteristics are similar to those of Kawasaki disease (KD), KD shock syndrome, and toxic shock syndrome. However, this new disorder has some distinct clinical features and laboratory characteristics. This condition, also known as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with COVID-19, has been observed mostly in Europe and the United States. This emerging phenomenon has raised the question of whether this disorder is KD triggered by SARS-CoV-2 or a syndrome characterized by multisystem inflammation that mimics KD. This narrative review is to discuss the differences between MIS-C and KD with the aim of increasing pediatricians’ awareness of this new condition and guide them in the process of differential diagnosis.Objective This study aims to investigate the effect of optimized ultrafiltration on perioperative electrolytes, acid-base balance, and pulmonary function during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in infants with low body weight (under 10 kg), using traditional balanced ultrafiltration and modified ultrafiltration. Methods A total of 30 children who underwent surgical correction for congenital heart disease in Changzhou Children’s Hospital between January 2018 and December 2019 were randomly divided into two groups. In the treatment group, ultrafiltration pre-treatment was carried out with blood-containing priming fluid prior to CPB. Balanced ultrafiltration was performed during the operation, and optimized and modified ultrafiltration were conducted before closing and extubation. In the control group, traditional balanced ultrafiltration was used during the operation, and a modified ultrafiltration combination was used before closing and extubation. Indexes such as blood gas analysis and electrolytes were measured nd modifying the traditional ultrafiltration combination method can effectively shorten the ultrafiltration time, reduce the adverse impacts of the ultrafiltration technique, and improve the lung function of infants after operation.Background Intravenous lipid emulsions (IL) are an important part of parenteral nutrition (PN) to meet essential fatty acid (EFA) requirements and metabolic demands of neonates and preterm infants. Some critically-ill neonates may not metabolize IL effectively which can lead to hypertriglyceridemia. Risks associated with this include increased pulmonary vascular resistance, displaced bilirubins, and platelet or macrophage dysfunction. Serum triglyceride (TG) concentration is used as a marker for lipid tolerance and predictor of potential complications involved with IL administration, but the clinical significance of this is still debated. Management of TG levels with regard to timing of laboratory tests, the ideal goal range, and duration of infusion of IL varies across institutions and is not standardized. Methods Single-center, retrospective study of newborn infants receiving parenteral nutrition (PN). Fasting and non-fasting TG levels were drawn during the same lipid infusion of 2-3g/kg/day. The primary outcome was the difference between fasting and non-fasting TG levels.