cy does not affect functional outcome or the risk of SICH.The intense effort of investigators, in particular during the past decade, has highlighted the importance of extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes in regulating both innate and adaptive immunity in the course of a variety of infections, with clear implications for development of novel vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics. Current and future efforts now need to focus strongly on teasing apart the intricate and complex molecular mechanisms that operate during EV regulation of immunity. In this review, we discuss recent advances that bear on our current understanding of how EVs, including exosomes, can contribute to the innate immune functions of microglia within the central nervous system (CNS), and we also highlight future important mechanistic questions that need to be addressed. In particular, recent findings that highlight the crosstalk between autophagy and exosome pathways and their implications for innate immune functions of microglia will be presented. Microglial activation has been shown to play a key role in neuroAIDS, a neuro-infectious disease for which the importance of exosome functions, including exosome-autophagy interplay, has been reported. The importance of exosomes and exosome-autophagy crosstalk involving microglia has also been shown for the Parkinson’s disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disease that is thought to be linked with immune dysfunction and involve infectious agents as trigger. Considering the accumulation of recent findings and the vibrancy of the EV field, we anticipate that future studies will continue to have a deep impact on our understanding of the CNS pathologies that are influenced by the functions of microglia and of the infectious disease mechanisms in general. Graphical Abstract.Temperature is supposed to be one of the primary drivers for the bacterial diversification as well as hydrocarbon formation process of oil reservoirs. However, the bacterial community compositions are not systematically elucidated in oil reservoirs with different temperatures. Herein, the diversity of indigenous bacteria and the functional species in the water samples from oil reservoirs with different in situ temperatures was investigated by high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that samples in the high (65 °C) and super high (80 °C) temperature oil reservoir had significantly high bacterial richness, even more than twice as much as moderate temperature (36 °C) ones, which showed relatively high bacterial diversity. Meanwhile, the bacterial compositions were almost similar in the high temperature oil reservoirs but there were different relative abundances of the bacterial communities. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that indigenous bacteria fell into 20 phylotypes in which Proteobacteria were the principal phylum in all of samples. At the genus level, 10 out of 22 major genera displayed statistically significant differences. Among of them, Pseudomonas was extremely dominant in all of samples, while Halomonas, Caldicoprobacter, Arcobacter, and Marinobacter tended to be enriched in the high temperature oil reservoirs. Moreover, the abundance of bacterial populations exhibited important distinction in oil reservoir such as hydrocarbon-oxidizing, fermentative, nitrate-reducing, sulfate-reducing, and methanogenic bacteria. Those bacteria were strongly correlated to in situ temperature variation.BACKGROUND Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is a rare disorder characterized by hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH). According to different GNAS mutations, PHP is divided into several subtypes, among which autosomal-dominant PHP1B (AD-PHP1B) is caused by STX16 deletion and epigenetic alteration of GNAS. Although the deletion of STX16 exons 2-6 is commonly observed, other mutations involving STX16 can also result in AD-PHP1B. MATERIALS AND METHODS The clinical information of a 38-year-old male PHP patient was collected. The genomic DNA from peripheral blood cells was extracted for genetic analysis of GNAS and upstream STX16 by methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA) and whole-exome sequencing (WES). Sanger sequencing was performed to verify the break point of the novel long-range deletion. RESULTS The patient’s medical history of tetany and seizure as well as laboratory examination showing hypocalcemia and elevated PTH levels indicated the diagnosis of PHP. The results of MS-MLPA showed loss of methylation of GNAS A/BTSS-DMR and half-reduced copy number of STX16 exon 1-9, which revealed the subtype of AD-PHP1B. Furthermore, the WES study displayed a 87.5 kb missing upstream of GNAS. A 87.5 kb deletion spanning STX16 and NPEPL1 together with an insertion of 28 bp of unknown origin was verified by PCR along with Sanger sequencing. CONCLUSIONS A novel deletion of 87.5 kb spanning STX16 and NPEPL1 was discovered in an AD-PHP1B patient, which provides new information on molecular defects leading to AD-PHP1B.PURPOSE The aim of this work is to propose a classification algorithm to automatically detect treatment for scoliosis (brace, implant or no treatment) in postero-anterior radiographs. Such automatic labelling of radiographs could represent a step towards global automatic radiological analysis. METHODS Seven hundred and ninety-six frontal radiographies of adolescents were collected (84 patients wearing a brace, 325 with a spinal implant and 387 reference images with no treatment). The dataset was augmented to a total of 2096 images. ND-630 A classification model was built, composed by a forward convolutional neural network (CNN) followed by a discriminant analysis; the output was a probability for a given image to contain a brace, a spinal implant or none. The model was validated with a stratified tenfold cross-validation procedure. Performance was estimated by calculating the average accuracy. RESULTS 98.3% of the radiographs were correctly classified as either reference, brace or implant, excluding 2.0% unclassified images. 99.7% of brace radiographs were correctly detected, while most of the errors occurred in the reference group (i.e. 2.1% of reference images were wrongly classified). CONCLUSION The proposed classification model, the originality of which is the coupling of a CNN with discriminant analysis, can be used to automatically label radiographs for the presence of scoliosis treatment. This information is usually missing from DICOM metadata, so such method could facilitate the use of large databases. Furthermore, the same model architecture could potentially be applied for other radiograph classifications, such as sex and presence of scoliotic deformity.