The diagnosis of overtraining syndrome and overreaching poses a great challenge. Military training aims at improving the physical performance of the conscripts, but an excessive training load could also lead to overreaching. This study of Finnish conscripts provides new insights into the pathophysiology of overreaching and overtraining through amino acids concentrations. In addition to confirming the possible use of plasma glutamine/glutamate concentration to indicate and predict overreaching, we made a novel finding, i.e. low alanine and arginine concentrations might have a role in performance decrement and fatigue related to overreaching. Moreover, this study is the first to show the possible association between amino acids with putative neuronal properties and overreaching. Thus, the present findings might help to detect and prevent overreaching and offer a reliable diagnostic approach. In order to avoid overreaching, military training should be planned more periodically and individually, especially during the first four weeks of military service.The detailed molecular mechanism of orbital venous malformation (OVM) is still not clear. Using whole exome sequencing, 4 types of melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) mutation were detected in 7 of 27 patients with OVM, and all types of MC4R mutations resulted in the upregulation of MC4R expression. In vitro study indicated that MC4R has impacts on the proliferation, cell cycle, migration, and tube formation of the endothelial cells. Moreover, MC4R mutations altered the downstream signaling, including cAMP concentration and the expression levels of several PI3K/AKT/mTOR downstream genes, including p21, cyclin B1, ITGA10, and ITGA11. MC4R mutations may lead to the pathogenesis of OVM through modulating the downstream signaling to alter the angiogenic activity of endothelial cells.Objective Driving anger has been found to be a motivational determinant of risky and aggressive driving. The study reported in this article focused on research questions concerning the conceptualization of driving anger and relationships between driving anger and aggressive driving.Methods In a cross-sectional survey study, 1,020 regular Serbian drivers completed a web-based online questionnaire. Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis were used to assess the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Driving Anger Scale.Results The results showed that the adapted DAS was a valid and reliable instrument divided into five subscales such as discourteous behavior, illegal behavior, slow driving, hostile gestures and traffic obstructions. The robustness of the five-factor model obtained from the EFA was confirmed by the CFA. The study provided evidence supporting the predictive validity of the adapted DAS and revealed that the dimensions of driving anger are differently associated with prosocial and aggressive driving behaviors.Conclusions The study supports the adapted DAS validity and produces evidence that driving anger is associated with driving outcomes.The association of ipsilateral talar and calcaneal fractures is an uncommon combination and is typically the result of a high-energy trauma. It is often associated with comminution, marked fracture displacement, and soft-tissue compromise. Obtaining satisfactory clinical and radiographic results is very challenging. Residual deformities, multiple procedures, and limitations are usually the norm. Therefore, studies have suggested that primary arthrodesis may represent the best option of surgical treatment. In this study, we report a case of a 30-year-old male patient with a rare combination of a highly comminuted transcalcaneal fracture-dislocation associated with a talar neck fracture successfully treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with an 18-month follow-up. This case demonstrates that even when there are associated fractures of the talus and calcaneus with severe bone loss, ORIF may provide satisfactory outcomes in the short-term postoperative period. Levels of Evidence Level V Case report.BACKGROUND Regular physical activity should constitute the essence of treatment in patients with cardiovascular risk factors. We sought to determine the benefits of nurse-led intervention to promote physical activity in sedentary older adults in a primary care setting. METHODS A group of 199 sedentary older adults (mean age 62.7±6.9, 34.2% male) with at least one more cardiovascular risk factor were randomized 11 to receive a nurse-led tutorial on lifestyle modification, including pedometer hand-out – with a daily goal of at least 7000 steps – and supporting phone calls (study group), or without a goal or calls (control group). Body weight (BW), resting heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP), total cholesterol (TC) and glucose were assessed at baseline and after 3 months. RESULTS Subjects in the study group (n = 86) achieved higher daily step count in comparison to the control group (n = 78), 10,648±3098 vs. 3589±2000, p  less then  0.0001. The study group presented an improvement in all analysed parameters but glucose, including BW (-2.5±1.9 kg), SBP and DBP (-7.9±7.6 mmHg and -6.2±6.5 mmHg) and TC (-14.7±30.4 mg%), all p  less then  0.0001. In the control group, all parameters increased or remained unchanged. An inverse correlation between the daily step count and delta of the analysed parameters (r = -0.26 to -0.72, p  less then  0.001) was found. MKI-1 CONCLUSION Nurse-led intervention with pedometer, goal setting and supporting phone calls is an effective way to promote physical activity in sedentary older adults and leads to improvement of cardiovascular risk factors within 3 months.In this report, we integrate the principles described in part 1 and describe an operational model for emotional decision making that incorporates brain activation data along with subjective experience correlates. This model takes the form of a state machine that carries out transitions between a finite set of 16 possible states of emotional and decision-making response. By considering a 4 × 4 grid of possible states based on left and right activation, in primary (sensation) and secondary (perception/comprehension) response, the range of responses is completely specified. The transition probabilities within this repertoire of possible response states can be used to characterize an individual (or any system) in terms of its likelihood to respond in a particular fashion. The possible value of this model in psychiatry, psychology, and counseling is introduced and discussed.