Of interest, KS patients had significantly lower levels of moral reasoning maturity on everyday moral dilemmas, and abstract moral dilemmas. In patients, empathy was moderately related to the level of moral maturity on both tasks, while executive functioning was not. In conclusion, KS patients have preserved moral decision-making abilities, but their moral reasoning abilities are poorer in everyday and abstract situations. Lower moral reasoning abilities and lower levels of empathy together may be responsible for adverse social functioning in KS.

Several clinical trials reported the effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) inhibitors in type1 diabetes patients. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of SGLT inhibitors in type1 diabetes patients.

Relevant studies were identified in the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wan Fang databases through 1 April 2020. Differences were expressed as the 95% confidence interval (CI) or weighted mean difference (WMD) for continuous outcomes, and risk ratio (RR) for discontinuous outcomes.

A total of 13 RCTs with 7,962 cases were included. SGLT inhibitors reduced the fasting plasma glucose level (WMD -1.320mmol/L, 95% CI -1.609 to -1.031, P<0.001), glycated hemoglobin level (WMD -0.386%, 95% CI -0.431 to -0.342, P<0.001) and daily total insulin dose (WMD -5.403, 95% CI -7.218 to -3.859, P<0.001). However, higher risks of diabetic ketoacidosis (RR 5.042, 95% CI 3.160-8.046, P<0.001), urinary tract infections (RR 1.259, 95% CI 1.034-1.533,P=0.022) and genital infections (RR 2.995, 95% CI 1.953-4.594, P<0.001) were associated with SGLT inhibitors, but SGLT inhibitors did not increase the hypoglycemia risk (RR 0.980, 95% CI 0.840-1.144,P=0.799). In subgroup analysis, with a significant reduction of fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin and daily insulin doses, SGLT1/2 inhibitor did not increase genitourinary tract infections compared with a placebo.

SGLT2 and SGLT1/2 inhibitors can improve glycemic control in patients with type1 diabetes.

SGLT2 and SGLT1/2 inhibitors can improve glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes.Hypertension is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular events and death. Despite differences in clinical implications of hypertension between men and women, guidelines establishing optimal blood pressure (BP) targets are still debated. The aim of this study was to investigate sex differences in the BP level associated with increased risks of major adverse cardiac and cerebral events (MACCEs) among antihypertensive-treated patients. Using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort, we enrolled antihypertensive-treated patients and divided them into four categories Group 1 SBP less then 120 and DBP less then 80 mm Hg; Group 2 120 ≤ SBP less then 130 and DBP less then 80 mm Hg; Group 3 130 ≤ SBP less then 140 or 80 ≤ DBP less then 90 mm Hg; and Group 4 SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90 mm Hg. We performed time-dependent cox regression analysis to investigate sex differences in the BP levels that increased the risk of MACCEs. Most of the 98 267 patients fell into Group 3 (53.2% men and 52.8% women) and Group 4 (30.5% men and 28.1% women). During 8.34 ± 2.07 years, there were 8,813 MACCEs and 791 deaths. The incidences of MACCEs and death tended to increase as the BP increased in both sexes. Compared to Group 1, the risk of MACCEs significantly increased only in Group 4 for men, while it significantly increased in Groups 3 and 4 for women. CAY10444 This study shows that there are sex differences in the BP level at which the risk of MACCEs increases. Our finding suggests that sex should be significantly considered when determining the optimal BP target in patients undergoing hypertension treatment.Individually tailoring education over time may help more patients, especially racial/ethnic minorities, get waitlisted and pursue deceased and living donor kidney transplant (DDKT and LDKT, respectively). We enrolled 802 patients pursuing transplant evaluation at the University of California, Los Angeles Transplant Program into a randomized education trial. We compared the effectiveness of Your Path to Transplant (YPT), an individually tailored coaching and education program delivered at 4 time points, with standard of care (SOC) education on improving readiness to pursue DDKT and LDKT, transplant knowledge, taking 15 small transplant-related actions, and pursuing transplant (waitlisting or LDKT rates) over 8 months. Survey outcomes were collected prior to evaluation and at 4 and 8 months. Time to waitlisting or LDKT was assessed with at least 18 months of follow-up. At 8 months, compared to SOC, the YPT group demonstrated increased LDKT readiness (47% vs 33%, P = .003) and transplant knowledge (effect size [ES] = 0.41, P less then .001). Transplant pursuit was higher in the YPT group (hazard ratio 1.44, 95% confidence interval 1.15-1.79, P = .002). A focused, coordinated education effort can improve transplant-seeking behaviors and waitlisting rates. ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT02181114.The major burden of hypertension (HTN) occurs in low-middle-income countries (LMIC) and it is the main modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Few population studies on HTN prevalence have been carried out in Ecuador where there is limited information regarding its prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of HTN and its association with socio-economic, nutritional, and lifestyle habits in urban and rural Andean communities of Pichincha province in Ecuador. The authors studied 2020 individuals aged 35-70 years (mean age 50.8 years, 72% women), included in the Ecuadorian cohort of the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study, from February to December 2018. The hypertension prevalence (>140/90 mmHg) was 27% and was greater in urban than in rural communities, more common in men, in individuals older than 50 years of age, in people with low monthly income and low level of education.