this regard.Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is an adaptor protein for the Toll-like receptor (TLR) and interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R) families of innate immunity receptors that mediate inflammatory responses to cellular injury. TLR/IL1R/MyD88 signaling is known to contribute to retinal degeneration, although how MyD88 regulates neuronal survival, and the effect of MyD88 on the inflammatory environment in the retina, is mostly unknown. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that blocking MyD88-mediated signaling early in retinal degeneration promotes transition of microglia towards a neuroprotective anti-inflammatory phenotype, resulting in enhanced photoreceptor survival. We also tested whether systemic delivery of a pharmacologic MyD88 inhibitor has therapeutic potential. The rd10 mouse model of retinal degeneration was injected intraperitoneally with increasing doses of a MyD88 blocking peptide or control peptide early in degeneration, and inflammatory responses and photoreceptor survival were measured at specific time points using flow cytometry, cytokine profiling, and electroretinograms. Our results demonstrated that rd10 mice injected with a low dose of MyD88 inhibitor peptide showed increased rod photoreceptor function and reduced apoptosis compared with control peptide and uninjected mice. MyD88 inhibition also resulted in fewer microglia/macrophage cells in the photoreceptor layer whereas total peripheral and retinal macrophage were not changed. Furthermore, increased number of cells expressing the Arg1 marker of neuroprotective microglia in the photoreceptor layer and higher MCP-1 and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-27 were associated with photoreceptor survival. Therefore, these data suggest that the MyD88 inhibitor modified the retina environment to become less inflammatory, leading to improved photoreceptor function and survival.Four new alkaloids, ficuhismines A-D (1-4), together with three known ones, were isolated from Ficus hispida. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and chemical method. The new compounds represent the first amine alkaloids with a rhamnosyl moiety (1-2) or with a N-oxide motif (2-4) from the genus Ficus. Compound 2 showed potent inhibitory effect in nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway luciferase assay with IC50 value of 0.52 ± 0.11 μM.The original version of this chapter was inadvertently published without a proper acknowledgement. The authors informed to insert the following acknowledgement in this chapter.BACKGROUND The incidence of hip fractures is expected to increase over the coming years, placing a greater burden on limited resources. A high volume of patients is brought to hospitals that do not have the resources necessary to provide definitive care. Optimal care involves a coordinated and integrated system of trauma care. The hip fracture care pathway introduced between a referring peripheral hospital and our institution represents a coordinated multidisciplinary approach to patient care. AIMS To describe and report on the outcomes over an 18-month period of the integrated hip fracture care pathway between referring peripheral hospitals and our institution. RMC-9805 solubility dmso METHODS A retrospective analysis of the prospectively maintained hip fracture database over an 18-month period. RESULTS Between March 2017 and September 2018, 86 consecutive patients were referred to our institution through a new referral pathway. Of these, 69 patients came from the Emergency Department of the referring hospital and 17 arrived via bypass. All 86 patients were managed on a specialist orthopaedic ward. The average length of stay was 4.28 days, with maximum of 13 and minimum of 2 days. Over 84% of patients underwent definitive treatment within 48 h of a diagnosed hip fracture. DISCUSSION The fragmented approach to the management of trauma patients both in a pre-hospital and hospital care setting is a cause for concern. Our integrated hip fracture referral pathway, incorporating bypass of the referring hospital, represents a multidisciplinary care pathway for the management of patients with fractured neck of femur and can have potential benefits including improved patient outcomes, allowing the optimal allocation of resources and providing training opportunities.The originally published version of this article contained typesetting errors in Figs. 2 and 3 legends. The correct figure legends are presented here. The original article has been corrected.BACKGROUND A biosimilar needs to demonstrate its similarity to the originator reference product (RP) in terms of structural and functional properties as well as nonclinical and clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVES The aim was to assess the analytical similarity between the trastuzumab biosimilar HLX02 and Europe-sourced Herceptin® (EU-Herceptin®) and China-sourced Herceptin® (CN-Herceptin®) following a quality-by-design (QbD) quality study and tier-based quality attribute evaluation. METHODS A panel of highly sensitive and orthogonal methods, including a novel Fc gamma receptor IIIa (FcγRIIIa) affinity chromatography technique that enables quantitative comparison of glycan effects on effector function, was developed for the assessment. To ensure the full product variability was captured, ten batches of HLX02 were compared with 39 RP batches with expiry dates from August 2017 to March 2021. RESULTS The extensive three-way similarity assessment demonstrated that HLX02 is highly similar to the RPs. Furthermore, the %afucose, %galactose, and FcγRIIIa affinity of the RPs were observed to first decrease and then return to the original level in relation to their expiry dates, and the RP batches can be subgrouped by their FcγRIIIa affinity chromatograms. HLX02 is demonstrated to be more similar to the RPs of the high FcγRIIIa affinity group. CONCLUSION Besides having an overall high analytical similarity to both EU-Herceptin® and CN-Herceptin®, HLX02 is more similar to Herceptin® with high FcγRIIIa affinity, a result that demonstrates the power of the novel FcγRIIIa affinity chromatography technology in biosimilarity evaluation.Autism spectrum disorders as a group of pediatric neurodevelopmental diseases is a crucial part of the worldwide disabilities which have influence in communication skills, social interactions, and ability to understand the concepts. The precise pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders due to the abundance of involved mechanisms is unknown. Some of these involved mechanisms are related to genetic factors, chronic neuro inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, hormonal imbalance, and environmental factors. Current main treatments for autisms are behavioral, nutritional and medical therapies, however there is not definitive treatment approach. Therein, more novel therapies are still required to improve the symptoms. Several preclinical and clinical evidence were shown that stem cell therapy is a potential treatment option for autism spectrum disorders individuals. Considering the significant factors which can affect the outcome of stem cell therapeutic effects including stem cell types, route and dosage of administration, and mechanism of activity along with selecting best animal models can be very important in performing clinical trials.