OR 3.34, 95% CI 1.38, 8.08) compared to those who neither agreed nor disagreed. Youth were less likely to record themselves that dayif their friends did not do so (OR 0.36; 95% CI 0.16, 0.80).

Common predictors of engaging in risk behaviours suggest that injury prevention programs may not have to be specific to each behaviour. Some strategies for injury prevention are suggested.

Common predictors of engaging in risk behaviours suggest that injury prevention programs may not have to be specific to each behaviour. Some strategies for injury prevention are suggested.

Our study aimed to test the hypothesis that the addition of intrathecal morphine (ITM) results in reduced postoperative opioid use and enhanced postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing open liver resection using a standardized enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol with multimodal analgesia.

A retrospective analysis of 216 adult patients undergoing open liver resection between June 2010 and July 2017 at a university teaching hospital was conducted. The primary outcome was the cumulative oral morphine equivalent daily dose (oMEDD) on postoperative day (POD) 1. Secondary outcomes included postoperative pain scores, opioid related complications, and length of hospital stay. We also performed a cost analysis evaluating the economic benefits of ITM.

One hundred twenty-five patients received ITM (ITM group) and 91 patients received usual care (UC group). Patient characteristics were similar between the groups. The primary outcome – cumulative oMEDD on POD1 – was significantly reduced in the ITM group. Postoperative pain scores up to 24 h post-surgery were significantly reduced in the ITM group. There was no statistically significant difference in complications or hospital stay between the two study groups. Total hospital costs were significantly higher in the ITM group.

In patients undergoing open liver resection, ITM in addition to conventional multimodal analgesic strategies reduced postoperative opioid requirements and improved analgesia for 24 h after surgery, without any statistically significant differences in opioid-related complications, and length of hospital stay. Hospital costs were significantly higher in patients receiving ITM, reflective of a longer mandatory stay in intensive care.

Registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) under ACTRN12620000001998 .

Registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) under ACTRN12620000001998 .An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Although athletic endeavours are associated with a high amount of physical stress and injury, the prevalence of pain is underreported in the sports medicine literature with only a few studies reporting pain on collegiate athletes or exploring sex difference of pain. Impact of pain on athlete availability, training and performance can be mitigated when key epidemiological information is used to inform adequate pain management strategies. This study aims to 1) provide an epidemiological profile of self-reported pain experienced by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes by sex during the first half of the 2019 season, 2) describe their self-reported non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use.

Online survey was completed by athletes at three NCAA institutions from 1 August to 30 September 2019. Descriptive statistics were used to describe player demographic data, self-reported pain and self-reported NSAID use. Pain incidence proportion were calculated.

Two hundred thirty female ar pain or prophylactic purpose. Majority self-purchase these medications indicating need for health literacy interventions to mitigate potential adverse effects.

Half of female athletes and one in three male athletes reported pain. Most commonly back, knee and foot/ankle pain and knee, back and shoulder pain was reported in female and male athletes respectively. One in four female athletes and one in five male athletes use NSAIDs for pain or prophylactic purpose. Majority self-purchase these medications indicating need for health literacy interventions to mitigate potential adverse effects.Refractory epilepsy is a type of epilepsy involving seizures uncontrolled by first or second-line anticonvulsant drugs at a regular therapeutic dose. Despite considerable growth in epileptic pharmacotherapy, one-third of the patients are resistant to current therapies. In this, the mechanisms responsible for resistant epilepsy are either increased expulsion of an-tiepileptic drugs (AEDs) by multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters from the epileptogenic tissue or reduced sensitivity of drug in epileptogenic brain tissue. The difficulty to treat refractory epilepsy is because of drug resistance due to cellular drug efflux, use of drug monotherapy, and subtherapeutic dose administration. learn more Increased expression of Pgp is also responsible for resistance epilepsy or refractory epilepsy. Increase glutamate expression via inhibition of cyclooxygenase-II (COX-II) en-zyme also upregulate P-glycoprotein (Pgp) expression and augment instance of recurrent seizures. Peripheral and central in-hibition of Pgp is a powerful tool to control this drug resistance epilepsy. Drug resistance primarily involves multidrug re-sistance (MDR1) gene which is responsible for encoding P-glycoprotein (PgP1 or MDR1). Currently, there is no drug under clinical practice which inhibits MDR1. The present review cites some drugs like calcium channel blockers, COX-II inhibi-tors, and glutamate receptors antagonists that inhibit P-gp. The exploitation of these targets may emerge as a beneficial ap-proach for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. The present review further highlights the mechanistic role of Pgp in drug-resistant epilepsy, glutamate role in drug efflux, and management approach.

Lacosamide characterized by a novel dual mode of action in its components, in which it has a func-tionalized amino acid that selectively pro, motes inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels slowly among patients.

To assess the effectiveness and tolerability of Lacosamide in the treatment of focal epileptic patients.

This retrospective cohort study obtains data from the clinic notes or diaries of all patients during 2014 to 2019 from King Abdullah Medical City. The multivariate generalized estimating equation (GEE) repeated measure Logistic Re-gression Analysis was used to assess the change in patients’ odds of having an improvised seizure rate.

Majority of the focal epileptic patients were diagnosed with temporal epilepsy (57.9%), while 26.3% had frontal epileptic lesion/diagnoses. Majority of the patients (54.4%) had received a combination of old and new treatment. 57.14% of the seven patients had dizziness and headache, tremors (n = 1), loss of balance (n = 1) and increased seizure with abnormal vision acuity and psychosis (n = 1).