Proliferative cells segregate into these developing domains and pioneer- and sensory-cell precursors were molecularly identified. Our study allows pioneer neurons, guidepost cells, and the earliest sensory cell clusters of the primordial nervous system to be allocated to their respective epithelial domain. As the apical-most five domains remain stable through subsequent development, lengthening of the flagellum must originate from more basal regions and is likely to be under the control of factors homologous to those which regulate boundary and joint formation in the antenna of Drosophila.The original article has been corrected.AIMS To investigate whether intravitreal conbercept injection affects contralateral untreated eyes in bilateral diabetic macular edema (DME) patients. METHODS In this retrospective study, 15 patients (30 eyes) with type 2 diabetes were followed after bilateral DME diagnosis in the Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 2015 to 2018. Patients underwent examinations including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit-lamp microscopy, indirect ophthalmoscope, color fundus photography, fundus fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Each patient received conbercept (0.5 mg) intravitreally in the severe eye. Nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used to assess changes in BCVA and central retinal thickness (CRT) and relations between BCVA changes in treated and untreated eyes, respectively. RESULTS The mean follow-up time was 10.60 ± 2.29 months, and the mean injection number of 15 treated eyes was 9.13 ± 0.68. HbA1c remained below 10% during treatment with no significant changes between the initial and final visits (7.81 ± 1.17 vs 7.62 ± 1.19%) (P = 0.576). In untreated eyes, CRT significantly decreased from the initial to final visits (368.93 ± 125.45 vs 306.27 ± 89.70 μm) (P = 0.028). In untreated eyes, BCVA showed no significant difference between the initial and final visits (0.38 ± 0.30 vs 0.40 ± 0.30 logMAR) (P = 0.937), but BCVA changes in treated and untreated eyes were positively correlated (r = 0.527, P = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS Intravitreal conbercept injection results in decreased CRT and increased BCVA in untreated eyes, which is consistent with the changes in treated eyes for patients with bilateral DME.In decapods, dopamine, octopamine, serotonin, and histamine function as locally released/hormonally delivered modulators of physiology/behavior. Although the functional roles played by amines in decapods have been examined extensively, little is known about the identity/diversity of their amine receptors. Recently, a Homarus americanus mixed nervous system transcriptome was used to identify putative neuronal amine receptors in this species. While many receptors were identified, some were fragmentary, and no evidence of splice/other variants was found. Here, the previously predicted proteins were used to search brain- and eyestalk ganglia-specific transcriptomes to assess/compare amine receptor complements in these portions of the lobster nervous system. All previously identified receptors were reidentified from the brain and/or eyestalk ganglia transcriptomes, i.e., dopamine alpha-1, beta-1, and alpha-2 (Homam-DAα2R) receptors, octopamine alpha (Homam-OctαR), beta-1, beta-2, beta-3, beta-4, and octopamine-tyramine (Homam-OTR-I) receptors, serotonin type-1A, type-1B (Homam-5HTR1B), type-2B, and type-7 receptors; and histamine type-1 (Homam-HA1R), type-2, type-3, and type-4 receptors. For many previously partial proteins, full-length receptors were deduced from brain and/or eyestalk ganglia transcripts, i.e., Homam-DAα2R, Homam-OctαR, Homam-OTR-I, and Homam-5HTR1B. In addition, novel dopamine/ecdysteroid, octopamine alpha-2, and OTR receptors were discovered, the latter, Homam-OTR-II, being a putative paralog of Homam-OTR-I. Finally, evidence for splice/other variants was found for many receptors, including evidence for some being assembly-specific, e.g., a brain-specific Homam-OTR-I variant and an eyestalk ganglia-specific Homam-HA1R variant. To increase confidence in the transcriptome-derived sequences, a subset of receptors was cloned using RT-PCR. These data complement/augment those reported previously, providing a more complete picture of amine receptor complement/diversity in the lobster nervous system.PURPOSE In hepatobiliary surgery, preoperative three-dimensional reconstruction based on CT or MRI can be provided externally or by local, semi-automatic software. Triapine supplier We analyzed the time expense and quality of external versus local three-dimensional reconstructions. METHODS Three first-year residents reconstructed data from 20 patients with liver pathologies using a local, semi-automatic, server-based program. Initially, five randomly selected patient datasets were segmented, with the visualization of an established external company available for comparison at all times (learning phase). The other fifteen cases were compared with the external datasets after completing local reconstruction (control phase). Total time expense/case and for specific manual and semi-automated reconstruction steps were recorded. Segmentation quality was analyzed by testing the equivalence for liver and tumor volumes, portal vein sectors, and hepatic vein territories. RESULTS The median total reconstruction time was reduced from 2.5 h (learning phase) to 1.5 h (control phase) (- 42%; p  less then  0.001). Comparing the total and detailed liver volumes (sectors and territories) as well as the tumor volumes in the control phase equivalence was proven. In addition, a highly significant correlation between the external and local analysis was obtained over all analyzed segments with a very high ICC (median [IQR] 0.98 [0.97; 0.99]; p  less then  0.01). CONCLUSION Local, semi-automatic reconstruction performed by inexperienced residents was feasible with an expert level time expense and the quality of the three-dimensional images was comparable with those from an external provider.