qRT-PCR expression analysis of the entire PLC gene family under drought, salt and cold stresses revealed that most PLC genes are differentially expressed in multiple abiotic stresses. These observations indicate the involvement of PLC gene family in abiotic stress signaling and responses in important legume crop. The present study opens new avenues for utilizing PLC- related information in biotechnological programs for abiotic stress tolerance and legume crop improvement.Sugarcane is one among the most important commercial crops used to produce sugar, ethanol, and other byproducts, which significantly contributes in the GDP of India and many other countries around the world. Genetic diversity is a platform for any breeding program of a plant species. Estimation of the genetic variability and population structure play a vital role for conservation planning and management of plant genetic resources. Genetic variability serves as a source of noble alleles responsible for key agronomic and quality traits, which ultimately form basis for identification and selection of promising parents for breeding programs. In the present study genetic diversity and population structure of 139 accessions of the genus Saccharum, allied genera of family Poaceae and cultivars were assessed using informative microsatellite (SSR) markers. A sum of 427 alleles was produced using 61 polymorphic primers and number of alleles generated was ranged from 2 to 13 with an average of 7 alleles per locus. PIC values were ranged from 0.35 to 0.90, with a mean value of 0.66 for all the markers evaluated. Cluster analysis based on UPGMA method revealed three major clusters which were further subdivided into nine subclusters. Population structure analysis also established three subpopulations of used accession set, however there were no correlation of sub-groupings with that of place of origin. AMOVA analysis also confirmed that 83% and 17% of total variations were attributed to the within- and between-populations, correspondingly, demonstrating greater exchange of gene pool across places of origin. The principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated the distribution of accessions in the scatter-plot was substantially dispersed, revealing rich genetic diversity among accessions of different species. The findings from this study will be useful in breeding programs for introgression of noble alleles into modern cultivars by exploiting natural genetic variation existing in sugarcane genetic resources.Synchronous and timely regulation of multiple genes results in an effective defense response that decides the fate of the host when challenged with pathogens or unexpected changes in environmental conditions. One such gene, which is downregulated in response to multiple bacterial pathogens, is a putative nonspecific lipid transfer protein (nsLTP) of unknown function that we have named DISEASE RELATED NONSPECIFIC LIPID TRANSFER PROTEIN 1 (DRN1). We show that upon pathogen challenge, DRN1 is strongly downregulated, while a putative DRN1-targeting novel microRNA (miRNA) named DRN1 Regulating miRNA (DmiR) is reciprocally upregulated. Furthermore, we provide evidence that DRN1 is required for defense against bacterial and fungal pathogens as well as for normal seedling growth under salinity stress. Although nsLTP family members from different plant species are known to be a significant source of food allergens and are often associated with antimicrobial properties, our knowledge on the biological functions and regulation of this gene family is limited. Our current work not only sheds light on the mechanism of regulation but also helps in the functional characterization of DRN1, a putative nsLTP family member of hitherto unknown function.Purpose; To investigate time efficiency and target coverage for prostate stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) using Triggered Imaging (TI) and Auto Beam hold (ABH). Methods A total of 20 patients were treated with VMAT based SABR. Treatment verification consisted of pre- and post-RT CBCTs with gold marker-based TI in every 3 s. In case of ≥3 mm (deviation limit, DL) displacement, the treatment was interrupted and imaging-based correction was performed. Beam interruptions, intrafractional shifts, treatment times were recorded. Prostate, rectum and bladder were delineated on each CBCT. Target coverage was evaluated by comparing the individual prostate delineations with 98% isodose contour volumes (% of the evaluated volumes exceeding the reference). Both inter- and intrafractional changes of bladder- and rectal volumes were assessed. Results The average overall treatment time (±SD) was 18±11 min, with a radiation delivery time of 6±3 min if no intrafractional CBCT acquisitions were necessary (91% of fractions). On average, 1.2 beam interruptions per fractions were required with zero/one correction in 71 % of the fractions. The mean residual 3D shift was 1.6 mm, exceeding the DL in 8%. buy PTC-028 In case of intrafractional CBCT and/or ≥2 corrections the treatment time dramatically increased. The 98% isodose lines did not encompass the prostate only in 8/180 (4%) evaluations in six different patients, leading to a loss of D98 between 0.1-6% as a worst-case scenario. The bladder volumes showed significant increases during treatment (p less then 0.01) while rectal volumes were stable. Conclusions Time efficiency of TI+ABH with 3 mm/3 sec threshold during prostate SABR is comparable with competitive techniques, resulting in minimal 3D residual errors with maintained target coverage. Technical developments are necessary to further reduce radiation delivery time. Use of CBCT allowed full control of rectal volumes, while bladder volumes showed significant increases over time.Background This study reports clinical experience using a linear accelerator-based MV-kV imaging system for intra-fraction motion management during prostate SBRT. Methods From June 2016 to August 2018, 193 prostate SBRT patients were treated using MV-kV motion management (median dose 40 Gy in 5 fractions). Patients had three fiducials implanted then simulated and treated with a full bladder and empty rectum. Pre-treatment orthogonal kVs and cone beam computed tomography were used to position patients and evaluate internal anatomy. Motion was tracked during volumetric modulated arc therapy delivery using simultaneously acquired kV and MV images from standard on-board systems. Treatment was interrupted to reposition patients when motion >1.5-2mm was detected. Motion traces were analyzed and compared to CalypsoTM traces from a previously treated similar patient cohort. To evaluate “natural motion” (i.e., if we had not interrupted treatment and repositioned), intra-fraction couch corrections were removed from all traces.