IOP (mean±standard deviation) was reduced from 23.1±8.5 mmHg to 12.7±3.1 mmHg at 3-year follow-up (P less then 0.001). MD, PSD and global CIGTS_PDP showed no significant changes in follow-up, whereas global CIGTS_TDP showed mild progression from 10.7 to 12.8 at 3-year follow-up (p = 0.01). No regional metrics showed worsening in follow-up. Defects in the superior hemifield was more common than in inferior hemifield at baseline and follow-ups for all regional metrics. Pre-operative number of glaucoma medications was associated with worsening on CIGTS_TDP. CONCLUSION Overall, GDD surgery is effective at stabilizing VF function over 3-years of follow-up. The superior hemifield is affected more compared to the other regions. The number of pre-operative glaucoma medications is associated with mild VF progression measured by CIGTS_TDP. PURPOSE This study was performed to investigate the association between changes in retinal layer thickness and perfusion status in the extramacular areas of eyes with diabetic retinopathy. DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study. METHODS The medical records of 70 eyes from 55 patients with diabetes were reviewed. The status of retinal perfusion in extramacular areas was evaluated using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) angiography. Retinal layer thickness was measured in nonperfused areas (NPA) larger than two optic disc area, areas of sparse capillaries (SC), and perfused areas (PA-DR) in eyes with diabetic retinopathy. Retinal layer thickness was also measured in perfused areas in eyes without diabetic retinopathy (PA-NDR), and the thicknesses were then compared. In addition, SS-OCT angiography images and retinal thickness maps were compared to investigate the distribution of retinal thickness changes and spatial relationships to areas of retinal perfusion. RESULTS The inner retinal thickness in NPA was significantly thinner than the inner retinal thicknesses in SC, PA-DR and PA-NDR (all P less then 0.001), and the inner retinal thickness in PA-NDR and SC was significantly thinner than that in PA-DR (P=0.006 and 0.031, respectively). In a distribution analysis of the extramacular areas, NPA spatially overlapped with areas of severe retinal thinning in all locations. Local thickening with smooth shapes and gentle borders overlapped with areas of capillary abnormalities. Neovascularization was present at sites of local thickening with irregular shapes and unnatural clear borders. BTK inhibitor libraries CONCLUSIONS Changes in retinal layer thickness were associated with perfusion status, suggesting that retinal thickness maps can reflect perfusion status. INTRODUCTION The objectives of this study were to identify what is reflected in cortical speed of sound (cSOS) measured by a cortical quantitative ultrasound (cortical QUS) device we have developed, and to investigate cSOS measurements in healthy individuals and dialysis patients. METHODS The cSOS and the SOS were measured by cortical QUS and conventional QUS in 20 volunteers, and the correlations between these measurements and areal bone mineral density measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and bone microstructural parameters on high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography were analyzed. The cSOS and the SOS were measured in 91 young adults (47 men, 44 women), 64 elderly people (30 men, 33 women), and 64 dialysis patients (33 men, 31 women). The period of hemodialysis and intact parathyroid hormoneevels were also investigated in the dialysis patients. RESULTS cSOS was correlated with cortical tissue mineral density (tibia r = 0.74, radius r = 0.72) on high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography, reflecting the degree of minaralization and microporosity of cortical bone. There was no correlation with the thickness of cortical bone, suggesting that it measured the bone quality rather than bone mass. Elderly women had lower cSOS than young adults (3865 ± 74 vs 3971 ± 63 m/s, p less then 0.01). Many of dialysis patients showed very low cSOS and it was related to higher intact parathyroid hormone levels (male ß = -0.67, female ß = -0.60). CONCLUSIONS Our cortical QUS device is capable of evaluating the qualitative degradation of cortical bone, which cannot be assessed by conventional QUS, and its use in combination with conventional QUS may provide a better understanding of fracture risk. The World Health Assembly in 2014 adopted a resolution that mandates both Member States and the WHO Secretariat to facilitate access to biotherapeutic products in a way that ensures their quality, safety and efficacy. The availability of biosimilars is expected to increase access to biotherapeutic products by providing more treatment options triggering competition which would lead to a consistent reduction in the average price of treatment. Since the WHO guidelines for regulatory evaluation of biosimilars were issued in 2009, WHO has provided immense effort towards harmonizing the terminology and the regulatory framework for biosimilars globally. This article describes the progress made and the regulatory landscape changes for biosimilars in 21 countries during the past ten years. Based on the information from regulators and from publicly available data, the following has been identified 1) WHO guidelines have contributed to setting the regulatory framework for biosimilars in countries and increasing regulatory convergence at global level; 2) terminology used for biosimilars is more consistent than in the past; 3) biosimilars are now approved in all participating countries; and 4) the dominant product class for candidate biosimilars under development is monoclonal antibodies. PURPOSE To review the clinical features, treatment outcomes, and prevalence within our clinic population of adolescents and adults with previously regressed retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) who demonstrate late-onset exudation and vasoproliferative changes. DESIGN Retrospective review of consecutive patients at a single center. PARTICIPANTS Five patients (5 eyes) with a history of ROP who showed new exudates or worsening fibrovascular proliferation diagnosed after 10 years of age. METHODS Patients were identified by a computerized search of the Emory Eye Center billing records. Data extracted from charts included baseline ROP information, visual acuity and other examination findings, imaging, and treatments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Status of exudation and vasoproliferation. RESULTS Among 138 patients older than 10 years with ROP seen at our tertiary referral center from 2000 through 2018, 5 (3.6%) demonstrated late-onset exudation or vasoproliferation. Three patients were female and 3 underwent ROP treatment as neonates.