Exogenous retroviruses are RNA viruses that require reverse transcription for their replication. Among these viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is infectious to humans and causes the development of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). There are also endogenous retroelements that require reverse transcription for their retrotransposition, among which the type 1 long interspersed element (LINE-1) is the only type of retroelement that can replicate autonomously. It was once believed that retroviruses like HIV and retroelements like LINE-1 share similarities in processes such as reverse transcription and integration. Accordingly, many HIV suppressors are also potent LINE-1 inhibitors. However, in many cases, one suppressor uses two or more distinct mechanisms to repress HIV and LINE-1. In this review, we discuss some of these suppressors, focusing on their alternative mechanisms opposing the replication of HIV and LINE-1. Based on the differences in HIV and LINE-1 activity, the subcellular localization of these suppressors, and the impact of LINE-1 retrotransposition on human cells, we propose possible reasons for the inhibition of HIV and LINE-1 through different pathways by these suppressors, with the hope of accelerating future studies in associated research fields.Refractometry is utilized routinely to evaluate canine urine specific gravity (USG) in veterinary clinical settings. We aimed to determine if the magnitude of interobserver reliability when assessing canine USG via refractometry could impact clinical judgment. USG was determined in 38 dogs by 3 registered veterinary technicians (RVTs) using both an optical analog refractometer and a digital refractometer. Summary statistics were reported, interobserver reliability was assessed via intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis through a 2-way mixed-effects model, and agreement between RVT pairs was compared through Bland-Altman plots. The median analog refractometer USG measurement was 1.018 (range 1.004-1.040) and for the digital refractometer was 1.0176 (1.0035-1.0357). The analog refractometer average measure ICC was 0.995 (95% CI 0.992, 0.997; p  less then  0.001). The digital refractometer average measure ICC was 0.999 (95% CI 0.999, 1.000; p  less then  0.001). Strong agreement between all pairs of RVTs was seen via Bland-Altman plots for both analog and digital refractometers, with 95% CIs spanning no more than 0.002 in either the positive or negative direction for all pairings. The interobserver variability in canine USG measurements by RVTs was trivial and did not impact clinical judgment and decision-making.Aims There is a lack of longitudinal, population-based studies on the association between education and smoking cessation. Thiostrepton A more thorough examination of this association is needed to address inequalities in smoking. Methods The longitudinal Health 2000 Survey and Health 2011 Survey, representing the Finnish population aged ⩾30 years, were analysed. Of the 1352 baseline daily smokers, 945 (70%) provided a smoking status at the follow-up. The analytic sample size was 884 (excluding the follow-up occasional smokers). Self-reported questionnaire data and measurements (e.g. plasma cotinine) from the baseline were utilised. The outcome variable was smoking cessation at the follow-up, and the main explanatory variable was education. Logistic regression was the main method for statistical analyses. All of the analyses accounted for the sampling design. Results At the follow-up, 28% of the baseline daily smokers had quit smoking. An adjusted regression model showed that highly educated respondents had a higher likelihood of quitting smoking compared with those with basic education. Controlling for demographic and health-related variables had a modest effect on this association. Higher scores for plasma cotinine, symptoms of depression and heavy alcohol use were associated with a lower likelihood of quitting smoking. The association between education and smoking cessation was weaker for women than it was for men. Conclusions High education is associated with smoking cessation among the general adult population, especially among men. A higher plasma cotinine level is strongly associated with continued smoking among both sexes. Background variables only modestly affected the association between education and smoking cessation.Hospital surfaces are heavily contaminated with bacteria, which are a potential source of nosocomial infections. This study was undertaken to identify bacterial communities isolated from neglected hospital surfaces after cleaning routine in a Algerian public hospital. Screening of bacterial contamination in patient bed (PB), reception land-line phones (TF), door handles (DH) and medical equipment (ME) during five months generated 108 inocula. Isolates obtained were identified based on biochemical characteristics and confirmed by analysis of 16S rRNA sequences. Statistical analysis was performed to reveal possible relationship between bacterial diversity and swabbed surfaces. Our findings showed a high prevalence of bacteria in various hospital surfaces, reaching (65.25%), where a highest contaminated surface was the PB (47.22%) and a lowest contaminated was TF (5.55%). Gram negative bacteria were the dominant group (62.03%) mainly represented by Entrobacteriaceae (42.59%), whereas Staphylococcus aureus belonging to Gram positive was the main expanded pathogen with (15.74%).Project ECHO (Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes) is an evidence-based telementoring approach to connect often siloed school nurses with a network of expert clinical and academic faculty, as well as school nurse colleagues throughout the country by engaging in case-based learning. Managing Students with Seizures ECHO The Importance of School Nurses (MSwS ECHO) provided two cohorts of school nurses with an interactive, bidirectional educational program focused on various aspects of seizures and epilepsy relevant to school nurse practice. MSwS ECHO enhanced school nurses’ confidence in caring and advocating for students with seizures and epilepsy, expanded school nurses’ access to resources and professional networks, and provided the opportunity to collaborate with experts and colleagues to problem solve challenging real-life cases. The ECHO Model is a unique and effective teaching modality that can be applied to a variety of school health topics and chronic conditions. School nurses are encouraged to participate in forthcoming ECHO-based learning opportunities.