Previous research has identified that both low- and high-socio-economic groups tend to be dehumanized. However, groups that have a deprived position are more willing to interiorize the negative perceptions that others have about them compared with affluent groups. In this project, we address the role of meta-(de)humanization (the perceived humanity one thinks is ascribed or denied to one’s group) based on socio-economic status differences and its influence in the perceived psychological well-being. We conducted two studies In Study 1 (correlational, N = 990), we analysed the relationship between socio-economic status, meta-dehumanization, and well-being. Results indicated that lower socio-economic status positively predicted more meta-dehumanization and worse well-being. Moreover, meta-dehumanization mediated the relationship between socio-economic status and well-being. In Study 2 (experimental, N = 354), we manipulated socio-economic status (low-, middle-, and high-socio-economic status conditions) to evaluate its influence on meta-dehumanization and well-being. Results indicated that individuals of low (vs. higher)-socio-economic status perceived more meta-dehumanization and reported worse well-being. Finally, a multicategorical mediational analysis indicated that low (vs. middle or high)-socio-economic status led to worse well-being through higher perceived meta-dehumanization. We discuss differences in perceived meta-(de)humanization based on groups’ socio-economic status and implications on the population’s well-being.Obesity is a problem in captive chimpanzee colonies that can lead to increased risk for disease; therefore, implementation of effective weight management strategies is imperative. To properly implement a weight management program, captive managers should be able to noninvasively identify and assess overweight or obese individuals. selleck chemicals llc Traditional means of categorizing obese individuals involve sedating the animals to obtain body weights or skin fold measurements. The current study aimed to validate a noninvasive, subjective body condition score (BCS) system for captive chimpanzees. The system utilizes a 10-point scale, with one rated as “emaciated,” five as “normal,” and 10 as “extremely obese.” Between 2013 and 2014, 158 chimpanzees were weighed and scored using this system (a) while sedated and (b) while awake in their social group within 1-3 days of sedation (“In-group” ratings). We found high inter-rater reliability between In-group raters, as well as between sedated and In-group scores. BCSs, which require oates.

Mutations in phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) complex have been associated with a broad spectrum of brain and organ overgrowth syndromes. For example, mutations in phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase regulatory subunit 2 (PIK3R2) have been identified in human patients with megalencephaly polymicrogyria polydactyly hydrocephalus (MPPH) syndrome, which includes brain overgrowth. To better understand the pathogenesis of PIK3R2-related mutations, we have developed and characterized a murine model.

We generated a knock-in mouse model for the most common human PIK3R2 mutation, p.G373R (p.G367R in mice) using CRISPR/Cas9. The mouse phenotypes, including brain size, seizure activity, cortical lamination, cell proliferation/size/density, interneuron migration, and PI3K pathway activation, were analyzed using standard methodologies. For human patients with PIK3R2 mutations, clinical data (occipitofrontal circumference [OFC] and epilepsy) were retrospectively obtained from our clinical records (publish overlap with human patients. Our data provide novel insight into the pathogenesis of the human disease caused by PIK3R2 p.G373R mutation. We anticipate this model will be valuable in testing therapeutic options for human patients with MPPH. ANN NEUROL 2020;881077-1094.In this study, total saponins were extracted from Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated with Astragalus as one of organic culture substrates. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) assay showed total saponins could be separated effectively, and four kinds of spots were identified as AG I, AG II, AG III, and AG IV, respectively. FTIR spectra based on HPTLC separation assay showed the saponin characteristic groups including -OH, C-H, C=O, and the glycoside linkaged to sapogenin group C-O-C, suggesting the four kinds of spots belonged to cycloartane-type triterpene saponins. The primary mass spectra of precursor ion (HPTLC-ESI-MS) assay further proved the main composition of four kinds of spots was AG I-IV, respectively. Physical properties, including the detection of specific rotation and melting point, revealed the separation of high-purity saponin monomer by HPTLC. HPTLC-dual wavelength spectrodensitometric method detection showed that content of astragaloside I-IV was ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 mg/g, and the extensively used in food and medical areas, especially for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.Age-related changes in disposition of diazepam and its principal active metabolite, desmethyldiazepam (DMDZ), during and after extended dosage with diazepam were studied in healthy volunteers. Eight elderly subjects (ages 61-78 years) and 7 young subjects (21-33 years) received 2.5 mg of diazepam twice daily for 15 days. Predose (trough) concentrations of diazepam and DMDZ were measured during the 15 days of dosing, and in the postdosage washout period. Kinetic properties were determined by nonlinear regression using a sequential drug-to-metabolite pharmacokinetic model. Steady-state plasma concentrations of diazepam and DMDZ were 30% to 35% higher in elderly subjects compared to young volunteers, and steady-state clearances correspondingly lower, though differences did not reach significance. Large and significant differences were found between young and elderly groups in mean half-life of diazepam (31 vs 86 hours; P less then .005) and DMDZ (40 vs 80 hours; P less then .02). Half-life values from the multiple-dose study were closely correlated with values from previous single-dose studies of diazepam (R2 = 0.85) and DMDZ (R2 = 0.94) in the same subjects. With extended dosing of diazepam in the elderly, slow accumulation and delayed washout of diazepam and DMDZ is probable. After discontinuation, withdrawal or rebound effects are reduced in likelihood, but delayed recovery from sedative effects is possible due to slow elimination of active compounds. Safe treatment of elderly patients with diazepam is supported by understanding of age-related changes in pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic properties.