Live surgical broadcast (LSB), also known as live surgery, has become a popular format for many types of surgical education meetings. However, concerns have been raised in relation to patient safety, ethical issues, and the actual educational value of LSB.

To summarize current evidence on LSB with a focus on the risks of complications and the educational impact.

We performed a systematic review of the literature according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to identify studies up to December 2020. We identified original articles reporting on patient outcomes, educational value, current use, and development of LSB. We also interrogated surgical society guidelines for position statements on LSB.

Our literature search identified 46 studies spanning six surgical specialties, with urology being the most frequent. Approximately half of the studies reported on outcomes of surgical procedures during LSB. In urology, the few comparative studies available diethical concerns remain. Other educational tools, such as prerecorded videos and live surgery transmission from the home institution of the operating surgeon might become preferred options in the future. This review was prospectively registered on the PROSPERO website (www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO, registration number CRD42020194023).

The Zika Virus (ZIKV) is a single-stranded RNA genome virus, belonging to the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. Outbreaks around the world have demonstrated that the presence of asymptomatic viremic blood donors provides an increase in the risk of transfusion transmission (TT) and nucleic acid test (NAT) screening has been proposed to ensure the blood safety. This study implemented an “in-house” method to detect ZIKV RNA in blood sample donations.

Primary plasma tubes are submitted to nucleic acid extraction on an automated platform. After extraction, the NAT set-up is performed in the robotic pipettor, in which an amplification mixture containing primers and probes for ZIKV and Polio vaccine virus (PV) are added in duplex as an internal control. The real-time polymerase chain reaction is then performed in a thermocycler, using the protocol established by the supplier.

From May 2016 to May 2018, 3,369 samples were collected from 3,221 blood donors (confidence coefficient 95%), of which 31 were considered false positive (0.92%), as they did not confirm initial reactivity when repeated in duplicates and 14 (0.42%) had their results invalid due to repeat failure in the internal control, 4 (0.12%), due to insufficient sample volume and 2 (0.05%), due to automatic pipettor failures. No Zika RNA reactive sample was identified.

The test showed feasible to be incorporated into the blood screening routine. Our data do not indicate the need to screen for ZIKV RNA in São Paulo during the evaluated period. Osimertinib order However, a generic NAT system covering a group of flaviviruses which are circulating in the region, such as DENV and YFV, among others, could be a useful tool.

The test showed feasible to be incorporated into the blood screening routine. Our data do not indicate the need to screen for ZIKV RNA in São Paulo during the evaluated period. However, a generic NAT system covering a group of flaviviruses which are circulating in the region, such as DENV and YFV, among others, could be a useful tool.

U.S. guidelines recommend that patients with severe asthma be referred to specialists (allergists/immunologists or pulmonologists) for systematic assessment or comanagement; however, contemporary, real-world data on the frequency and impact of specialist care among U.S. severe asthma patients are lacking.

To quantify the frequency of asthma specialist visits among U.S. patients with severe asthma, identify patient demographic and clinical characteristics associated with specialist visits and describe health outcomes following specialist care.

Severe asthma patients aged 6 years or older were identified between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2017, in the IQVIA PharMetrics® Plus database of commercially insured individuals, based on Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) criteria and Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) step 4 or 5 treatment regimens. The frequency of asthma specialist (allergist/immunologist or pulmonologist) visits was described over 2 years. Patient characteristicsent among older adult patients and those with more nonrespiratory comorbidities. Increased specialist involvement in managing severe asthma may help improve care and patient outcomes.

To determine the association of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) with quantitative cellularity and the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio in C6 glioma.

Animal models bearing C6 gliomas underwent MR scans with T1 rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE), T2 RARE, and high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging sequences. For each model, three consecutive sections were used to draw regions of interest (ROIs) and measure ADC values; the middle section was localized in the plane with the maximal solid tumor area. The minimal, mean, and maximal ADC values were recorded for each ROI. GFAP-immunostained sections coregistered with ADC measurements were used to calculate tumor cellularity and the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio. Spearman’s correlation was used to assess the relationship between ADC values and quantitative tumor cellularity as well as N/C ratios with a significance level of p < 0.05.

Thirty-three sections from 11 glioma-bearing rats were analyzed. The median values of the minimal, mean, and maximal ADC were 0.443 × 10

, 0.744 × 10

, and 1.140 × 10

mm

/s, respectively. The median cellularity and N/C ratio were 2151.234 per 0.025 mm

and 0.857, respectively. The minimal, mean, and maximal ADCs were all significantly associated with cellularity, with correlation coefficients of -0.712 (p < 0.001), -0.631 (p < 0.001), and -0.460 (p = 0.007), respectively. The minimal and mean ADC had significant negative relationships with the N/C ratio, with correlation coefficients of -0.565 (p =  0.001) and -0.426 (p = 0.013), respectively.

The minimal ADC correlated well with cellularity and N/C ratios in C6 glioma and may be used as a biomarker of these two pathological features.

The minimal ADC correlated well with cellularity and N/C ratios in C6 glioma and may be used as a biomarker of these two pathological features.