, was published in 2010, with 195 total citations, and an average of 19.50 citations per year. Countries with the highest-cited articles included the United States (75 records), followed by Canada (16 records). CONCLUSIONS We discovered the top 100 most-cited articles centered on brain metastasis, all of which show a potentially increased level of interest, because they are meaningful scientific reports. In addition, we reviewed the historical development and advances in brain metastasis research and relevant points of interest, alongside the relevant contributions of different authors, fields of special interest, and countries. Many of the most cited articles were written by authors whose specialty was not neurosurgery or by neurosurgeons who were supported by colleagues from other medical fields. As a consequence, many of these articles were not published in neurosurgery-dedicated journals. BACKGROUND Brain metastases from prostate cancer are rare and poorly described. We sought to assess the proportion of brain metastases arising from prostate cancer and to detail clinical characteristics, treatment modalities, and survival outcomes. METHODS We retrospectively identified and reviewed the charts of 31 patients with intraparenchymal brain metastases from prostate adenocarcinoma seen at our institution from 2008 to 2018. RESULTS Among all patients with brain metastases, the proportion originating from prostate adenocarcinoma was 0.86%. The median age at the time of brain metastasis diagnosis was 69 (range, 57-90). The median original Gleason score was 8 (range, 6-10), and the median prostate-specific antigen at the time of brain metastasis was 60 ng/mL (range, 0.34-4600). The median months from initial cancer diagnosis to brain metastasis was 81 (range, 3-195). selleckchem The median number of brain metastases was 2 (range, 1-5). Patients had concurrent metastases to bone (100%), lung (48%), and liver (35%). Median overall survival was 3 months (range, 0.4-25.0). Treatment of the brain metastases was correlated with an increase in median survival from 1.2 months to 4.6 months with radiosurgery (hazard ratio = 0.11, P = 0.001) and surgical resection plus radiotherapy to 13 months (hazard ratio = 0.05, P less then 0.001). All patients died of advanced, systemic disease and not of their intracranial disease. CONCLUSIONS Brain metastasis from prostate cancer constitutes a small fraction of total brain metastases, but is associated with poor prognosis and is seen in the setting of advanced, castrate resistant disease. These data enable treating physicians to appropriately counsel their patients with prostate adenocarcinoma brain metastasis. Germinomas are rare intracranial lesions, with medulla germinomas being reported in only approximately 20 cases to date. These tumors are extremely sensitive to radiotherapy and knowledge of them can allow for accurate diagnosis, as well as significantly impact treatment and prognosis. We present a medullary germinoma case report, as well as review the cases previously reported in the literature. A few imaging characteristics are noted in multiple cases, such as cystic components, enhancement, and absence of hydrocephalus. These features can provide clues to diagnosis to this rare entity. Ischemic stroke is one of the most intractable diseases of the central nervous system and is also a major cause of mortality and disability in adult humans. Unfortunately, current therapies target vessel recanalization, which has a narrow treatment window, and the potential adverse effects lead to a low rate of clinical employment; in addition, neuroprotective strategies are not effective for stroke treatment. It is necessary to discover new approaches to develop neuroprotective, neuroregenerative treatment strategies for stroke. At present, accumulating evidence suggests that adult neurogenesis is a novel topic with extensive research on its potential to be harnessed for therapy in various neurological disorders, and the neurogenesis capacity in the subventricular zone was shown to be increased in response to brain ischemic stroke. In this review, we describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying potential adult neurogenesis and review current preclinical and clinical cell-based therapies for enhancing neural regeneration after adult ischemic stroke. Although stroke-induced neurogenesis in humans does not seem to translate to neurofunctional recovery, we also summarize factors of potential treatment strategies with transplanted cells, including transplantation time, cell dosage and administration route, to achieve optimum and effective cell-based therapy, thereby harnessing this neuroregenerative response to improve neurofunctional recovery after ischemic stroke. BACKGROUND Pituitary apoplexy is an acute clinical syndrome caused by infarction and/or hemorrhage of pituitary adenoma, which typically presents with severe headache, visual deterioration, and endocrine abnormalities. However, temporal lobe seizure (and temporal lobe epilepsy) has not been viewed as a symptom of pituitary apoplexy in the literature. CASE PRESENTATION To elucidate further such a rare complication of temporal lobe seizure, we describe here the rare clinical manifestations of a 55-year-old previously healthy male with pituitary apoplexy harboring headache, combined palsies involving cranial nerves III to VI, endocrinologic disturbances, and temporal lobe seizure. In addition, we discuss the temporal lobe seizure (and temporal lobe epilepsy) associated with pituitary adenoma based on the literature. CONCLUSIONS Although further accumulation of clinical data is needed, we would like to emphasize the importance of recognition of temporal lobe seizure due to pituitary apoplexy, and to suggest that early surgery could be considered as an option in patients displaying such a rare complication. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare transcortical and posterior interhemispheric approaches to the atrium using a combined approach of white matter fiber dissections and MR tractography. METHODS Ten cerebral hemispheres were examined and dissected from the lateral-to-medial surface and from medial-to-lateral surface with special attention to the white matter tracts related to the atrium. MR tractography was used to demonstrate the 3D white matter fibers relationships to the atrium of the lateral ventricle and compared to cadaveric dissection results. RESULTS The atrium was related laterally to the superior longitudinal fasciculus II &III ,middle longitudinal fasciculus, arcuate fasciculus, vertical occipital fasciculus, and sagittal stratum. Medially it is related to the superior longitudinal fasciculus I , cingulum, sledge runner, and forceps major. CONCLUSION A combined approach of cadaveric white matter fiber dissections and MR tractography were used to describe the main white matter tracts related to the posterior interhemispheric approach and the transcortical approach, providing an in-depth understanding of the threedimensional anatomy of white matter fibers and the atrium.