5%; p = .001). To assess the influence of HI on outcomes, the sample was grouped into 3 conditions HI (at least 1 significant head injury during trauma), NHI (denied head injuries, but reported serious nonhead injuries), and NI (denied any injury). All injury groups improved on PTSD and depressive symptoms with no moderation of group. Conclusion Most individuals exposed to violence experienced at least 1 head injury, with higher rates in those assaulted by an intimate partner. The experience of HI did not negatively impact recovery from PTSD, including with participants histories of multiple head injuries. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Objective Memory problems are a frequent complaint in neuropsychological settings, particularly among individuals in mid-to-late adulthood and those who have experienced neurological insult (e.g., head trauma; Bay et al., 2012; Lezak et al., 2004; Wammes et al., 2017). Neuropsychiatric comorbidities that influence cognitive functioning (e.g., depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress) are also common among neuropsychological patients, which can challenge interpreting etiology and predicting prognosis (Campbell et al., 2009; Reischies & Neu, 2000). Prolonged trauma exposure is associated with brain abnormalities in regions that subserve memory and executive functions (Daniels et al., 2016; Woon et al., 2010). Furthermore, a subgroup of individuals with trauma exposure experience dissociative symptoms, which can also interfere with memory and performing goal-directed behaviors (Bergouignan et al., 2014; Brewin et al., 2013; Özdemir et al., 2015). Method In this article, we focus on symptoms that are consistent with dissociation and present three case studies of trauma-exposed women who were referred for neuropsychological testing following complaints of memory decline. Results Formal neuropsychological testing did not fully support the degree of amnestic symptoms reported. Based upon the complex pattern of results, we propose a potential hypothesis for consideration the dissociative interference hypothesis. Conclusions For all three women presented, dissociation was a common symptom that may have contributed to an exacerbation of memory failures and amnestic experiences. Thus, interventions targeted at increasing awareness, rather than withdrawal, during times of stress may lead to a reduction in their memory complaints. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Eyewitness identification via lineup procedures is an important and widely used source of evidence in criminal cases. However, the scientific literature provides inconsistent guidance on a very basic feature of lineup procedure lineup size. In two experiments, we examined whether the number of fillers affects diagnostic accuracy in a lineup, as assessed with receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Showups (identification procedures with one face) led to lower discriminability than simultaneous lineups. However, in neither experiment did the number of fillers in a lineup affect discriminability. We also evaluated competing models of decision-making from lineups. This analysis indicated that the standard Independent Observations (IO) model, which assumes a decision rule based on the comparison of memory strength signals generated by each face in a lineup, is incapable of reproducing the lower level of performance evident in showups. We could not adjudicate between the Ensemble model, which assumes a decision rule based on the comparison of the strength of each face with the mean strength across the lineup, and a newly introduced Dependent Observations model, which adopts the same decision rule as the IO model, but with correlated signals across faces. We draw lessons for users of lineup procedures and for basic research on eyewitness decision making. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Advances in head mounted displays (HMDs) have increased the interest in cinematic virtual reality as an art form. However, the freedom of a viewer in 360 video presents challenges in ensuring that audiences do not inadvertently miss important events and locations. We examined whether the high level of immersion provided by HMDs encourages participants to synchronize their attention during viewing. selleck chemical Sixty-four participants watched the 360° documentary Clouds Over Sidra (VRSE.works, 2015) using either an HMD or via a flat screen tablet display. We used intersubject correlation (ISC) analysis to measure attentional synchrony over the course of the video and to examine whether spatial and temporal factors led to different amounts of correlation both within and between groups. We found significantly greater ISC for the HMD compared to the tablet group. This effect was greatest for scenes with a unidirectional focus and at the start of scenes. We discuss our results in terms of the visual properties and the motor affordances of HMDs versus tablets. Our results show the value of HMDs in increasing attentional synchrony and may provide producers of 360° content insight in how to encourage or discourage synchronization of viewing direction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Making sense of the world requires perceptual constancy-the stable perception of an object across changes in one’s sensation of it. To investigate whether constancy is intrinsic to perception, we tested whether humans can learn a form of constancy that is unique to a novel sensory skill (here, the perception of objects through click-based echolocation). Participants judged whether two echoes were different either because (a) the clicks were different, or (b) the objects were different. For differences carried through spectral changes (but not level changes), blind expert echolocators spontaneously showed a high constancy ability (mean d’ = 1.91) compared to sighted and blind people new to echolocation (mean d’ = 0.69). Crucially, sighted controls improved rapidly in this ability through training, suggesting that constancy emerges in a domain with which the perceiver has no prior experience. This provides strong evidence that constancy is intrinsic to human perception. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).