1 vs. 14.2 min; p=0.03) and procedural time (50.9 vs. 41.1 min, p=0.03). However, there were no significant differences in terms of lasing time (7.4 vs. 6.1 min, p>0.05) and total energy applied to the stones (11.1 vs. 10.8 KJ, p>0.05). Moses mode was associated with significantly less retropulsion (mean grade was 1.0 vs. 0.5, p=0.01). There were no significant differences between both modes in terms of intra-operative complications (11.1% vs. 8.3%, p>0.05), with one patient requiring endo-ureterotomy for stricture in the Moses group. Success rate at the end of 3 months was comparable between both groups (83.3% vs. 88.4%, p> 0.05). CONCLUSION Moses technology was associated with significantly lower fragmentation/pulverization and procedural times. The reduced fragmentation/pulverization time seen using Moses technology could be explained by the significantly lower retropulsion of stones during laser lithotripsy. .SIGNIFICANCE Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia. Thus far, 99.6% of clinical trials, including those targeting energy metabolism, have failed to exert disease-modifying efficacy. Altered mitochondrial function and disruption to brain bioenergetic system have long-been documented as early events during the pathological progression of AD. Recent Advances While therapeutic approaches that directly promote mitochondrial bioenergetic machinery or eliminate reactive oxygen species exhibited limited translatability, emerging strategies targeting non-energetic aspects of mitochondria provide novel therapeutic targets with the potential to modify AD risk and progression. Growing evidence also reveals a critical link between mitochondrial phenotype and neuroinflammation via metabolic reprogramming of glial cells. CRITICAL ISSUES Herein, we summarize major classes of mitochondrion-centered AD therapeutic strategies. In addition, the discrepancy in their efficacy when translated from preclinical models to clinical trials is addressed. Key factors that differentiate the responsiveness to bioenergetic interventions, including sex, APOE genotype and cellular diversity in the brain, are discussed. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We propose that future development of mitochondria targeted AD therapeutics should consider the interactions between bioenergetics and other disease mechanisms which may require cell-type-specific targeting to distinguish neurons and non-neuronal cells. Moreover, a successful strategy will likely include stratification by metabolic phenotype which varies by sex and genetic risk profile and dynamically changes throughout the course of disease. As the network of mitochondrial integration expands across intracellular and systems level biology, assessment of intended-, the good, versus unintended consequences, the bad, will be required to reach the potential of mitochondrial therapeutics.The objective of this work was to study the impact of repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) on the EEG connectivity evaluated by indices based on graph theory, derived from Directed Transfer Function (DTF), in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) or with bipolar disorder (BD). The results showed the importance of beta and gamma rhythms. The indices density, degree and clustering coefficient increased in MDD responders in beta and gamma bands after rTMS. Interestingly, the density and the degree changed in theta band in both groups of nonresponders (decreased in MDD nonresponders but increased in BD nonresponders). Moreover, both indices of integration (the characteristic path length and the global efficiency) as well as the clustering coefficient increased in BD nonresponders for gamma band. In BD responders, the activity increased in the frontal lobe, mainly in the left hemisphere, while in MDD responders in the central posterior part of brain. The fronto-posterior asymmetry decreased in both groups of responders in delta and beta bands. Changes in inter-hemispheric asymmetry were found only in BD nonresponders in all bands, except gamma band. Comparison between groups showed that the degree increased in delta band independently on disease (BD, MDD). These preliminary results showed that the DTF may be a useful marker allowing for evaluation of effectiveness of the rTMS therapy as well for group differentiation between MDD and BD considering separately groups of responders and nonresponders. However, further investigation should be performed over larger groups of patients to confirmed our findings.Recently, many studies on the 3-dimensional (3D) fabrication of cells have been performed. Under these circumstances, it is indispensable to develop the imaging technologies and methodologies for non-invasive visualization of 3D cells fabricated. The objective of this study is to develop the labeling method of human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells-derived 3D cartilage tissue with gelatin nanospheres co-incorporating 3 kinds of quantum dots (QD) and iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP) (GNSQD+IONP). In this study, two labeling methods were performed. One is that a cartilage tissue was labeled directly by incubating with octa-arginine (R8)-treated GNSQD+IONP (direct labeling method). The other one is a “dissociation and labeling method”. DDR1-IN-1 mouse First, the cartilage tissue was dissociated to cells in a single dispersed state. Then, the cells were incubated with R8-GNSQD+IONP in a monolayer culture. Finally, the cells labeled were fabricated to 3D pellets or cell sheets. By the direct labeling method, only cells residing in the surrounding site of cartilage tissue were labeled. On the other hand, the 3D cartilage pellets and the cell sheets were homogenously labeled, and maintained fluorescently visualized over 4 weeks. In addition, the cartilage properties were histologically detected even after the process of dissociation and labeling. Homogenous labeling and visualization of human iPS cells-derived 3D cartilage tissue was achieved by the dissociation and labeling method with GNSQD+IONP.BACKGROUND The association between smoking, alcohol consumption, and thyroid cancer has been evaluated in observational studies, yet the results remain controversial. In the present investigation, we analyzed a longitudinal cohort study with representative data to determine the association between smoking, alcohol consumption, and thyroid cancer risk, allowing for risk modification due to age and sex. METHODS From the Korean National Health Insurance database, .subjects aged ≥20 who participated in health screening program in 2009 were identified and followed-up till 2017. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for the risk of thyroid cancer was estimated by Cox proportional hazard model Results During a mean follow-up period of 8.33 ± 0.57 years, out of 9,699,104 participants, 89,527 (0.9%) were diagnosed with thyroid cancer. In comparison with those who never smoked, current smokers [aHR 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72-0.76)] had a decreased risk of thyroid cancer even though ex-smokers (aHR 0.98, 95% CI 0.