We show the real-world applicability of the optimized ER-enabled HDX-MS workflow by performing an epitope mapping of a Fab fragment of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) to the cysteine knot-containing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The results allow us to comprehensively map sites in VEGF involved in mAb binding. Overall, our findings show how ER and HDX-MS can be combined to enable analysis of the conformation and interactions of challenging disulfide-rich proteins. In photoelectrochemical sensor (PEC sensor), sensitivity and selectivity are two essential factors which are determined by photosensitive of materials and identification of elements. Herein, a novel PEC aptamer sensor for streptomycin-specific detection was developed, with which the visible-light-active TiO2/BiOI/BiOBr heterostructure and aptamers were employed as photoactive material and bio-identification elements, separately. The combination of an appropriate amount of TiO2 with BiOI/BiOBr enhanced the photocurrent response, and thus is beneficial to the construction of PEC sensors. In addition, the one-pot synthesis of TiO2/BiOI/BiOBr has the advantage of being environmentally-friendly. Under optimized conditions, the photocurrent response of aptamer/TiO2/BiOI/BiOBr/ITO is linear with SRT concentration from 0.05 to 150 nM, and the detection limit (S/N = 3) is as low as 0.04 nM. This novel PEC sensing strategy provided an ultra-sensitive sensor with high selectivity and stability for SRT detection. Similarly to many other sample extraction techniques, efficient extraction of very polar compounds with electromembrane extraction (EME) is difficult. To date, the best known strategy to improve the mass transfer of these compounds is the addition of an ionic carrier, often bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (DEHP) to the supported liquid membrane (SLM). DEHP is known to work by providing ionic interactions with basic compounds, to improve the partitioning into the SLM. In this work, the behavior of DEHP during extractions was studied for the first time. Interestingly, substantial amounts of DEHP was found to leak from the SLM into the aqueous sample at pH > 4. Due to this leakage, the ion-pair formation between analytes and DEHP was moved from the sample/SLM interface (interfacial complexation) to the bulk of the sample solution (bulk-sample complexation), which improved the mass transfer of polar bases considerably. Based on this, an extraction procedure for eight polar bases with log P values from +0.7 to -5.9 was developed and optimized. The optimization demonstrated that extraction of more polar analytes was favored by bulk-sample complexation. With optimized conditions, extraction from biological samples such as urine, protein-precipitated plasma, and raw plasma were performed with recoveries >40%, except for a few analytes. In addition, the extraction system could be operated under robust conditions with relatively low current ( less then 70 μA for plasma), and provided low variability ( less then 16% RSD), as well as good clean-up efficiency. These findings are an important step in further scientific anchoring of EME, and development of the technique towards selective extraction of very polar substances from complex biological matrices. L-Glutamate (L-Glu) is a well-known flavour enhancer that is present in several foodstuffs. Although L-Glu is generally recognized as safe, the use in foodstuffs remains controversial and then its fast and accurate monitoring represents an important issue. In this work a sensitive and interference-free disposable amperometric biosensor for glutamate monitoring in foodstuffs was developed. The biosensor was prepared by immobilizing glutamate oxidase through co-crosslinking with bovine serum albumin and glutaraldehyde onto a screen printed disposable platinum electrode modified with a permselective overoxidized polypyrrole film. The enzyme immobilization was optimized by using different experimental procedures. The optimized glutamate biosensor was integrated in a flow injection system and characterized in terms of linearity (0.005-1.0 mM, r2 = 0.992), limits of detection (1.8 μM) and quantitation (5.4 μM), repeatability (RSD  less then  3%) and stability of response under operational conditions (up to 50 h, over 400 analysis). The biosensor showed also excellent anti-interference characteristics towards the main electroactive interferents present in food matrices, and this allowed the application to the accurate monitoring of glutamate in different foodstuffs. Liposome-assisted photoelectrochemical (PEC) bioanalysis represents one of the latest frontiers in the arena of PEC bioanalysis. This work reports a general enzyme-amplified liposomal PEC bioanalysis protocol via the use of enzyme-loaded liposomes to boost the biocatalytic precipitation (BCP) effect. In the representative system, the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-loaded liposome (HRPLL) and the Au nanoclusters (NCs)/Au nanoparticles (NPs)/TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) framework (AATF) were used as liposomal label and photoelectrode, respectively. In the detection, the sandwich immunocomplex reaction was accomplished in a 96-well plate to confine the HRPLL label, which was then lysed to release the HRP molecules to initiate the BCP process. Due to the amplified formation of HRP-induced BCP on the AATF scaffold, the photo-current response correlated closely with the immunorecognition process and the analyte could be detected very sensitively. This work features the first integration of enzyme-loaded liposomes and the BCP for sensitive PEC bioanalysis, which to our knowledge has not been reported. CH7233163 EGFR inhibitor With the use of various other enzymes, this work could serve as a general basis for the PEC bioanalysis of numerous other target of interest. Theoretically, both synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) and natural (exogenous and endogenous) endocrine disrupting chemicals (N-EDCs) can interact with endocrine receptors and disturb hormonal balance. However, compared to endogenous hormones, S-EDCs are only weak partial agonists with receptor affinities several orders of magnitude lower than S-EDCs. Thus, to elicit observable effects, S-EDCs require considerably higher concentrations to attain sufficient receptor occupancy or to displace natural hormones and other endogenous ligands. Significant exposures to exogenous N-EDCs may result from ingestion of foods such as soy-based diets, green tea and sweet mustard. While their potencies are lower as compared to natural endogenous hormones, they usually are considerably more potent than S-EDCs. Effects of exogenous N-EDCs on the endocrine system were observed at high dietary intakes. A causal relation between their mechanism of action and these effects is established and biologically plausible. In contrast, the assumption that the much lower human exposures to S-EDCs may induce observable endocrine effects is not plausible.