11% (14 isolates) of the isolates were sul1 and int1. Also, 13.33% (6 isolates) had blaOXA and int1 genes, simultaneously. But none of the isolates had class 1 integrons and class 2 integrons at the same time. PFGE results showed 25 different pulsotype patterns, of which 16 isolates had their own unique pattern and were divided into 16 pulsotypes, and 27 isolates were divided into 9 pulsotypes.

int2 and sul1 resistance genes had an upward trend from 2013 to 2015 and the results of PFGE indicated a different origin of S. flexneri clones.

int2 and sul1 resistance genes had an upward trend from 2013 to 2015 and the results of PFGE indicated a different origin of S. flexneri clones.

Serum amylase is secreted by salivary glands and pancreas and is used for the diagnosis of pancreatic and parotid diseases. A number of factors can elevate the level of serum amylase including pancreatic diseases, salivary disease, gastrointestinal diseases, liver diseases, gynecologic disease, cholecystitis, peritonitis, renal failure, and drug induced.

We reported a case with abnormally elevated serum amylase, namely hyperamylasemia. Abdominal B-ultrasound, abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), parotid computed tomography (CT), gastroscopy, and colonoscopy were used to screen the causes of hyperamylasemia. Common serum tumor markers and serum biochemistry were detected to exclude some common causes. The amylase-creatinine clearance ratio (ACCR) was calculated for the patient.

The average value of serum amylase were 881 U/L, which was significantly higher than reference value (10 – 220 U/L). According to ACCR value, the patient was diagnosed with macroamylasemia after the exclusion of some possible causes for elevating serum amylase.

When renal function is normal, serum amylase continues to increase and urine amylase is normal or decreased, macroamylasemia should be considered after the exclusion of pancreatic and parotid diseases. Macroamylasemia can not only be associated with autoimmune diseases, malignant tumors and other diseases, but also can be found in healthy population.

When renal function is normal, serum amylase continues to increase and urine amylase is normal or decreased, macroamylasemia should be considered after the exclusion of pancreatic and parotid diseases. Macroamylasemia can not only be associated with autoimmune diseases, malignant tumors and other diseases, but also can be found in healthy population.

Maternal alloantibodies may have devastating effects on the fetal red cells leading to hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). The purpose of this study was to observe the prevalence and specificity of red cell alloantibodies in untransfused multiparous women.

This study was conducted at the Baqai Institute of Hematology, Baqai Medical University and Husaini blood bank Karachi, Pakistan. Blood samples were collected and analyzed using Bio-Rad/DiaMed reagents to determine the frequency of alloantibodies in 1,000 untransfused multiparous females (five or more than five pregnancies) from various hospitals and maternity centers of Karachi.

In this study, red cell alloimmunization was found to be 2.8% in the studied population. Detected antibodies include anti D (28.6%), anti C (3.6%), both anti D and anti C (7.1%), anti c (3.6%), anti E (7.1%), anti K (14.3%), anti Fya (3.6%), anti M (7.1%), anti S (7.1%), anti Lea (3.6%), anti Leb (7.1%), and nonspecific cold antibodies (7.1%).

Various clinically significant and cold type red cell alloantibodies were detected in this study. It is suggested that studies should be done from the first to the fifth pregnancy as the chances of developing alloantibodies increases with increase in parity up to the 5th gestation and it falls significantly thereafter. Antibody screening and identification of all clinically significant antibodies should be carried out during pregnancy to prevent the fatal complications of HDFN.

Various clinically significant and cold type red cell alloantibodies were detected in this study. It is suggested that studies should be done from the first to the fifth pregnancy as the chances of developing alloantibodies increases with increase in parity up to the 5th gestation and it falls significantly thereafter. selleck chemical Antibody screening and identification of all clinically significant antibodies should be carried out during pregnancy to prevent the fatal complications of HDFN.

Fibrinogen plays an important role in hemostasis. The normal concentration of fibrinogen in blood plasma is between 1.8 – 4.2 g/L. Decreased fibrinogen levels are observed in congenital afibrinogenemia, hypofibrinogenemia, dysfibrinogenemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, fibrinolytic therapy, some more severe hepatic parenchymal disorders, and increased blood loss. Elevated fibrinogen levels occur in inflammatory diseases and neoplastic diseases, in pregnancy, and postoperative conditions. Functional fibrinogen measurement is also one of the basic coagulation screening tests. The fibrinogen antigen assay is used to distinguish between qualitative and quantitative fibrinogen disorders.

The aim of the study was the use of fibrinogen determination methods in differential diagnosis of hypofibrinogenemia and dysfibrinogenemia, statistical evaluation and determine the relationship of fibrinogen Clauss assay, prothrombin time (PT) derived fibrinogen assay, and fibrinogen antigen in the group of 60 pati to estimate the value of fibrinogen activity and antigen before the analysis itself by the Clauss assay or analysis by the fibrinogen antigen assay.

The higher level of the PT-derived fibrinogen assay compared to the fibrinogen Clauss assay in the group of patients with dysfibrinogenemia may pose a greater risk to asymptomatic patients who require diagnosis and treatment in case of bleeding. The fibrinogen value using the PT-derived fibrinogen assay could erroneously give a normal level. The use of the interpolation function is important to estimate the value of fibrinogen activity and antigen before the analysis itself by the Clauss assay or analysis by the fibrinogen antigen assay.