Motor imagery modulates specific neural oscillations like actual movement does. Representatively, suppression of the alpha power (e.g., event-related desynchronization [ERD]) is the typical pattern of motor imagery in the motor cortex. However, in addition to this amplitude-based feature, the coupling across frequencies includes important information about the brain functions and the existence of such complex information has been reported in various invasive studies. Yet, the interaction across multiple frequencies during motor imagery processing is still unclear and has not been widely studied, particularly concerning the non-invasive signals. In this study, we provide empirical evidence of the comodulation between the phase of alpha rhythm and the amplitude of high gamma rhythm during the motor imagery process. We used electroencephalography (EEG) in our investigation during the imagination of left- or right-hand movement recorded from 52 healthy subjects, and quantified the ERD of alpha and phase-amplitude In the evaluation, WCFC with only two electrodes yielded a performance comparable to the conventional algorithm with 64 electrodes in classifying left and right-hand motor imagery. These results indicate that the phase-amplitude frequency plays an important role in motor imagery, and that optimizing this frequency ranges is crucial for extracting information features to decode the motor imagery types.Prevention or modification of acquired epilepsy in patients at risk is an urgent, yet unmet, clinical need. Following acute brain insults, there is an increased risk of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE), which is often associated with debilitating comorbidities and reduced life expectancy. The latent period between brain injury and the onset of epilepsy may offer a therapeutic window for interfering with epileptogenesis. The pilocarpine model of mTLE is widely used in the search for novel antiepileptogenic treatments. Recent biochemical studies indicated that cholinergic mechanisms play a role in the epileptogenic alterations induced by status epilepticus (SE) in this and other models of mTLE, which prompted us to evaluate whether treatment with the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine during the latent period after SE is capable of preventing or modifying epilepsy and associated behavioral and cognitive alterations in female Sprague-Dawley rats. First, in silico pharmacokinetic modeling was used to select a e thoroughly addresses the gender bias and video-EEG recording limitations of the present study.

Plasticity at corticostriatal synapses is a key substrate for a variety of brain functions – including motor control, learning and reward processing – and is often disrupted in disease conditions. Despite intense research pointing toward a dynamic interplay between glutamate, dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission, their precise circuit and synaptic mechanisms regulating their role in striatal plasticity are still unclear. Here, we analyze the role of serotonergic raphe-striatal innervation in the regulation of DA-dependent corticostriatal plasticity.

Mice (males and females, 2-6months of age) were housed in standard plexiglass cages at constant temperature (22±1°C) and maintained on a 12/12h light/dark cycle with food and demineralized water ad libitum. In the present study, we used a knock-in mouse line in which the green fluorescent protein reporter gene (GFP) replaced the I Tph2 exon (Tph2

mice), allowing selective expression of GFP in the whole 5-HT system, highlighting both somata aerminant of disease-associated plasticity defects.

We showed a relevant role of the interaction between dopaminergic and serotonergic systems in controlling striatal synaptic plasticity. Overall, our data unveil that 5-HT plays a primary role in regulating DA-dependent corticostriatal plasticity in a sex-related manner and propose altered 5-HT levels as a critical determinant of disease-associated plasticity defects.

The prognostic value of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in patients with wild-type transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis treated with tafamidis is unknown.

This retrospective study included patients with wtATTR who underwent baseline cardiopulmonary exercise testing and were treated with tafamidis from August 31, 2018, until March 31, 2020. Univariate logistic and multivariate cox-regression models were used to predict the occurrence of the primary outcome (composite of mortality, heart transplant, and palliative inotrope initiation). learn more A total of 33 patients were included (median age 82 years, interquartile range [IQR] 79-84 years), 84% were Caucasians and 79% were males). Majority of patients had New York Heart Association functional class III disease at baseline (67%). The baseline median peak oxygen consumption (VO

) and peak circulatory power (CP) were 11.35 mL/kg/min (IQR 8.5-14.2 mL/kg/min) and 1485.8 mm Hg/mL/min (IQR 988-2184 mm Hg/mL/min), respectively, the median ventilatory efficiency was 35.7 (IQR 31-41.2). After 1 year of follow-up, 11 patients experienced a primary end point. Upon multivariate analysis, the low peak VO

(hazard ratio [HR] 0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.23-0.79, P = .007], peak CP (HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.98-0.99, P = .02), peak oxygen pulse (HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.39-0.97, P = .03), and exercise duration of less than 5.5 minutes (HR 5.82, 95% CI 1.29-26.2, P = .02) were significantly associated with the primary outcome.

Tafamidis-treated patients with wtATTR who had baseline low peak VO

, peak CP, peak O

pulse, and exercise duration of less than 5.5 minutes had worse outcomes.

Tafamidis-treated patients with wtATTR who had baseline low peak VO2, peak CP, peak O2 pulse, and exercise duration of less than 5.5 minutes had worse outcomes.Here, we examine the perspective of triple helix actors (i.e., those in academia, government, and industry) related to the availability of human and financial capital in select Central European ecosystems. The actors perceive the lack of venture capital to be the top reason hindering the development of the biopharmaceutical industry in their region. The human capital area with the greatest shortage was the computational sciences/informatics. This was followed by clinical trials and regulatory affairs. The present paper should be of interest to scholars and those engaged in the biopharmaceutical industry and regional development.