ether protected areas can ultimately maintain the integrity of conservation.In this article, we introduce and analyze an emerging polycentric governance model for addressing wastewater challenges in textile industrial parks in China. Unlike the conventional two-tier model with government and polluters only, the emerging model emphasizes multi-actor participation and presents new possibilities in enhancing the cost-effectiveness and alleviating the compliance deficiency. We introduce the model through a case study of the Binhai textile industrial park. The features of the model include levering the subject of monitoring, allowing collaborative wastewater treatment, employing the administrative power of local governing bodies, and engaging multiple local actors. To explain its formation, we adopt event sequence analysis, and point out the important role of local government as a facilitator and a regulator in the externally generated collaborative governance. We identified its success factors with pattern matching based on polycentric governance theories. We find the involvement of varied actors in the decision-making process of internal wastewater emission standard could lead to applicable policy making with high acceptance, which contributes to the environmental performance. To initiate the transition towards the new model, three conditions are required, including policy support from the government, the establishment of monitoring systems, and capacity building for actors.

Testing and comparing of different non-shaded zirconia materials (3Y-TZP, 4Y-TZP and 5Y-TZP) on optical and mechanical properties.

Zirconia materials (N = 320, Opaque O, Translucent T, Extra Translucent ET, High Translucent HT) were investigated on translucency, Martens parameter, biaxial flexural strength, Chevron-Notch-Beam (CNB) fracture toughness (K

) and grain size. The grain size was analyzed using a scanning electron microcopy (SEM). Univariate ANOVA, post-hoc Scheffé, partial eta-squared, Kolmogorov-Smirnov-, Kruskal-Wallis- and Mann-Whitney-U-tests (p < 0.05) were performed. The reliability of flexural strength was calculated with two-parametric Weibull analysis and 95 % confidence level.

The translucency of ET and HT increased with the thermo-mechanical aging (p < 0.001). The zirconia material and aging had no impact on the Martens hardness and the indentation modulus. ET showed the highest flexural strength values after initial and thermo-mechanical aging (p < 0.001 – 0.683). All four materials showed the highest flexural strength after thermo-mechanical aging after 1.2 Mio cycles. Thermo-mechanically (1.2 Mio cycles) aged HT presented the highest Weibull modulus (m = 15.0) regardless of aging. Within initial groups, T (p ≤ 0.001) showed the highest fracture toughness, followed by O (p ≤ 0.001), ET (p < 0.003) and HT (p ≤ 0.001).

Translucency of ET and HT increases with thermo-mechanical aging. Chevron-Notch-Beam (CNB) is a valid alternative to the single-edge-V-notched beam (SEVNB) method for testing fracture toughness.

Translucency of ET and HT increases with thermo-mechanical aging. Chevron-Notch-Beam (CNB) is a valid alternative to the single-edge-V-notched beam (SEVNB) method for testing fracture toughness.

To evaluate the remineralising effects of fluoride (F) varnishes containing bioavailable calcium-phosphate compound (Ca-P) based remineralisation systems and 5000 ppm F toothpaste (FTP) on root caries lesions (RCLs) and the potential effects of proanthocyanidin (PA) for the treatments of RCLs when used as an adjunct to F regimens.

Demineralised root dentine and a pH-cycling model were used to mimic RCLs and the oral environment. Remineralising effects of MI Varnish

(MIV) containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and Clinpro™ White Varnish (CPWV) containing tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) along with FTP and PA were evaluated regarding the birefringence, elemental composition, mechanical properties and mineral density of remineralised dentine with Duraphat

as a comparison.

MIV, CPWV and Duraphat

promoted the incorporation of F into RCLs and increased mineral density but did not change microhardness of root dentine significantly. Surface microhardness increased significantly have the potential to improve the fluoride-mediated remineralisation approaches.

To characterise the ion release, pH changes and apatite formation of a phosphate free bioactive glass.

A SiO

-CaO-CaF

-Na

O glass was synthesized by a melt route with a composition close to the reactive glass in the commercial Cention N® composite. The glass was characterized after immersion in three media Artificial Saliva pH4 (AS4) Artificial Saliva pH7 (AS7) and in a high phosphate artificial saliva at pH6.5 (AS6.5). The pH and fluoride release were measured using a pH meter and an ion selective electrode. The concentration of Ca, P, Na and Si were measured by ICP-OES. The glass powders after immersion were characterized by FTIR, X-ray powder diffraction and

F MAS-NMR.

The glass increased the pH in all three media. Fluoride was detected in all three media but was much higher in AS 6.5. Calcium fluoride formed in AS4 with a small amount of fluorapatite at long immersion times. Fluorapatite and calcium fluoride formed in AS7, whilst in AS6.5 fluorapatite formed. The ion concentrations in solution after immersion reflected the glass composition and the immersion media with fluorapatite being favoured by higher pHs and phosphate contents in the media.

The results demonstrated the ability of the glass to increase the pH and to form fluorapatite in phosphate containing media. This may explain the low incidence of secondary caries found in the commercial composite. Unlike the commercial composite evidence was found for the precipitation of fluorite, which will act to reduce the release of fluoride for preventing secondary caries.

The results demonstrated the ability of the glass to increase the pH and to form fluorapatite in phosphate containing media. This may explain the low incidence of secondary caries found in the commercial composite. read more Unlike the commercial composite evidence was found for the precipitation of fluorite, which will act to reduce the release of fluoride for preventing secondary caries.