The number of macroalgal species accompanying the invasive species has dropped by 52% in Salamandre. In addition, the multidimensional analysis, represented by the Hierarchical Ascendant Clustering applied to this case, confirms our results.

A revised checklist of the Ichneumonidae of Germany is provided. The list represents an updated version of an earlier checklist published in 2001. The present list includes several records of species that are new for the German fauna and species that were discovered since the last checklist was published. The present checklist was compiled as part of the DNA barcoding projects at the Zoologische Staatssammlung München.

The checklist includes 3,644 species of Ichneumonidae from Germany, with 48 species recorded for the first time. Compared to the checklist published 20 years ago, the number of ichneumonid species recorded from Germany has increased by 312 species.

The checklist includes 3,644 species of Ichneumonidae from Germany, with 48 species recorded for the first time. Compared to the checklist published 20 years ago, the number of ichneumonid species recorded from Germany has increased by 312 species.This review focusses on the interactions between the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, and its triatomine vector. The flagellate mainly colonizes the intestinal tract of the insect. The effect of triatomines on trypanosomes is indicated by susceptibility and refractoriness phenomena that vary according to the combination of the strains. Other effects are apparent in the different regions of the gut. In the stomach, the majority of ingested blood trypomastigotes are killed while the remaining transform to round stages. In the small intestine, these develop into epimastigotes, the main replicative stage. In the rectum, the population density is the highest and is where the infectious stage develops, the metacyclic trypomastigote. In all regions of the gut, starvation and feeding of the triatomine affect T. cruzi. In the small intestine and rectum, starvation reduces the population density and more spheromastigotes develop. In the rectum, feeding after short-term starvation induces metacyclogenesis and after long-term starvation the development of specific cells, containing several nuclei, kinetoplasts and flagella. When considering the effects of T. cruzi on triatomines, the flagellate seems to be of low pathogenicity. However, during stressful periods, which are normal in natural populations, effects occur often on the behaviour, eg, in readiness to approach the host, the period of time before defecation, dispersal and aggregation. In nymphs, the duration of the different instars and the mortality rates increase, but this seems to be induced by repeated infections or blood quality by the feeding on infected hosts. Starvation resistance is often reduced by infection. Longevity and reproduction of adults is reduced, but only after infection with some strains of T. cruzi. Only components of the surface coat of blood trypomastigotes induce an immune reaction. However, this seems to act against gut bacteria and favours the development of T. cruzi.

Malawi trains registered nurses as clinical preceptors to facilitate quality clinical teaching to nursing students. The concept of preceptorship is new in Malawi, and as such data about its contribution and challenges are scanty. It is for this reason that this study was undertaken to explore the challenges that preceptors face as they teach students.

This exploratory-descriptive qualitative study was conducted at Malawi’s four major referral hospitals utilised by nursing training institutions as clinical sites. A sample of 12 participants was purposively selected to provide data regarding challenges encountered during preceptorship activities. In-depth interviews were conducted in order to collect data on challenges experienced by these facilitators. The data were later categorised and analysed into themes.

From the analysed data, three key themes emerged including preceptorship as time-consuming, lack of support from faculty members and lack of teamwork among preceptors.

The study concluded that preceptors face several challenges that affect the quality of clinical teaching. The study recommends that there should be an improvement in the working relationship among those involved in clinical teaching to enhance clinical learning experiences among student nurses. It also recommends that more registered nurses should be trained as preceptors to improve the student-preceptor ratio.

The study concluded that preceptors face several challenges that affect the quality of clinical teaching. The study recommends that there should be an improvement in the working relationship among those involved in clinical teaching to enhance clinical learning experiences among student nurses. It also recommends that more registered nurses should be trained as preceptors to improve the student-preceptor ratio.

Stress among nursing students has been widely investigated across the globe, and evidence suggests that nursing programs are stressful. Students from resource constrained contexts, such as Malawi, often find it difficult and over stressing to be socialized into the nursing profession. However, this area has not been adequately investigated in Malawi. The aim of the study was to investigate stress and its coping strategies among nursing students in Malawi.

This was a quantitative study which used a descriptive cross-sectional design that included 102 students in years 2, 3 and 4. Data were collected using the adapted standard tools (Perceived Stress Scale and Adaptive Version of the Nurse Stress Scale) to comprehensively measure levels of stress categorised as clinical, academic and external. GSK-3 signaling pathway The brief Cope was used to measure common coping strategies. Independent samples

test and ANOVA were run at 5% level of significance to analyze the data.

Moderate levels of stress were perceived by this sample. Ahers and clinical staff highly contribute towards stress. It was then established that stress among nursing students’ can be contained by initiating stress reduction interventions. There is also need to further investigate the extent of substance use as it suggests that some students have not been able to cope with current stress levels hence resorting to use of substances.