Furthermore, glomerular permeability was significantly higher in the Akita + vehicle group compared with the wild-type group. These changes were reduced with the administration of Topi. We conclude that XO inhibitors preserve glomerular endothelial functions and rescue compromised glomerular permeability, suggesting that XO activation plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.AimHelicobacter pylori is usually detected based on hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) features, but, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real-time PCR (RT-PCR) are more precise in chronic-gastritis. We evaluated the relevance of these tests in Peruvian gastric cancer samples. Materials & methods We performed and evaluated H-E, IHC staining and RT-PCR in 288 gastric tumors. Slides were independently evaluated by three pathologists. ResultsH. pylori was detected in 167/287 through H-E, 140/288 through IHC and 175/288 through RT-PCR, and positive-status were associated (p less then 0.001). H. pylori detection by H-E had a good concordance with IHC (kappa index = 0.632) but poor with RT-PCR (kappa index = 0.317). Higher median gene-copies were found in high H. pylori density through H-E or IHC (p less then 0.001). Conclusion H-E evaluation is accurate in gastric cancer, and IHC and RT-PCR can complement its results.Aim The purpose of this study was to create an alternative protocol for the DNA-based identification of salivary microbiota focused on the distinguishing of Streptococcus species. Materials & methods Salivary bacteria were identified using 16S rDNA sequencing and proteins and lipids profiling using MALDI-TOF/MS as well as FTIR analysis. Results Most of the isolates belonged to streptococci – mostly the salivarious group indistinguishable by the molecular technique. Gandotinib In turn, MALDI analysis allowed for their fast and reliable classification. Although FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated the correct species classification, the spectra interpretation was time consuming and complicated. Conclusion MALDI-TOF/MS demonstrated the biggest effectiveness in the identification and discrimination between the salivary streptococci, which could be easily incorporated in the workflow of routine microbiological laboratories.Aim This study evaluated the effect of the biosurfactant rhamnolipid on the antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm growth dynamics and production of virulence factors by Burkholderia pseudomallei. Materials & methods The effects of rhamnolipid on planktonic and biofilm growth and its interaction with antibacterial drugs were evaluated. Then, its effects on growing and mature biofilms and on protease and siderophore production were assessed. Results Rhamnolipid did not inhibit B. pseudomallei growth, but significantly enhanced the activity of meropenem and amoxicillin-clavulanate against mature biofilms. Rhamnolipid significantly reduced the biomass of mature biofilms, significantly increased protease production by growing and mature biofilms and siderophore release by growing biofilms. Conclusion Rhamnolipid enhances the antimicrobial activity against B. pseudomallei, assists biofilm disassembly and alters protease and siderophore production by bacterial biofilms.Aim To determine phenotypically the anti quorum-sensing (QS) activity of 30 volatile organic products (VOPs) through the inhibition of swarming motility and pyoverdine production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Materials & methods Twenty-four essential oils and six small volatile organic compounds randomly selected were screened for their anti-QS activity by violacein inhibition on Chromobacterium violaceum. The VOPs with positive results were subsequently evaluated for swarming motility and pyoverdine production on P. aeruginosa determining the colony diameter and fluorescence under UV light, respectively. Results Fifty percent of VOPs tested showed strong violacein inhibition, 40% presented anti-swarming activity and 33% inhibited pyoverdine production. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that VOPs have a great potential to inhibit virulence factors mediated by QS in P. aeruginosa.Aim This work aimed to compare the sensitivity of four protocols for the detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in 98 blood samples from chronic Chagas disease patients. Materials & methods Two DNA extraction (automated and manual) methods and two T. cruzi satellite DNA qPCRs (with a recent design and the usually used set of primers) were analyzed. Results Both DNA extraction methods and qPCR assays tested in this work gave comparable qualitative results, although the lowest Ct values were obtained when samples were analyzed using the new set of primers for T. cruzi satellite DNA. Conclusion Our results encourage the implementation of automated DNA extraction systems and the new T. cruzi qPCR for the molecular diagnostics and treatment response monitoring of chronic Chagas disease patients.Background Antibiotic-dependent pathogenic bacteria are sporadically isolated from patients that received prolonged antibiotic treatments. Evolution of antibiotics dependence and its clinical implications are scarcely studied. Materials & methods A linezolid-dependent Staphylococcus aureus strain was isolated from a cystic fibrosis patient. A draft genome sequence was obtained and searched for known antibiotics resistance determinants and virulence factors. Results The genome was assembled into 79 contigs for a total of 2.83 Mbp. This strain is a sequence type 5 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with a type I SCCmec cassette also conserving the Panton-Valentine leukocidin. The G2576T substitution, conferring linezolid resistance, was harbored by all five copies of the 23S rRNA. Conclusion The linezolid-dependent strain is related to a strain circulating in Latin America that acquired a mutation conferring linezolid resistance.Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is the infusion of feces from a healthy donor into the gut of a recipient to treat a dysbiosis-related disease. FMT has been proven to be a safe and effective treatment for Clostridioides difficile infection, but increasing evidence supports the role of FMT in other gastrointestinal and extraintestinal diseases. The aim of this review is to paint the landscape of current evidence of FMT in different fields of application (including irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, liver disorders, decolonization of multidrug-resistant bacteria, metabolic disorders and neurological disorders), as well as to discuss the current regulatory scenario of FMT, and hypothesize future directions of FMT.