PURPOSE To evaluate the concordance between the EEG diagnosis of non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) made by the treating physician and the application of the Salzburg Consensus Criteria (SCC) on consecutive urgent EEG requested for acute alteration of consciousness not otherwise explained. METHODS Retrospective evaluation of all urgent EEGs acquired between January 1st and March 31st 2018 in adolescents and adult patients (≥14 years old). The ‘reference’ was the neurologist who first evaluated the patient and reported the corresponding EEG diagnosis. All were blind to the SCC. All included EEG were evaluated and classified by three neurologists trained in the application of SCC blind to the clinical diagnosis. RESULTS 181 consecutive EEGs entered the study. The treating clinician diagnosed a NCSE in 17 cases (9%). According to the SCC, 12 EEGs were classified as Definite NCSE (7%), 71 (39 %) as Possible NCSE, and 98 (54 %) as no NCSE. A perfect concordance was found for the Definite- and No-NCSE categories, while only 5 patients with a Possible-NCSE were diagnosed by the treating clinician as having NCSE. It is relevant to note that aamong the 66 patients with a Possible NCSE not diagnosed as SE by the treating clinician, only two presented an evolution toward a definite SE. CONCLUSION SCC have optimal performances for the ‘Definite NCSE’, and to exclude the presence of a NCSE. Conversely, the Possible NCSE category is still a a grey land of debate that could potentially include many different conditions. As an emerging global health challenge, COVID-19 requires international knowledge to reach novel possible therapeutic strategies, especially for intensive-care patients. During the early stages of infection, pneumocytes II are the primary infected cells, harming the respiratory system. We have previous evidence in murine models that MSc’s secretome can be used to treat pulmonary injuries induced with bleomycin, due to its content growth factors, extracellular vesicles, and exosomes. We hypothesize and strongly recommend MSc secretome testing and production, in xenofree conditions, to be used as an alternative approach in SARS-Cov-2 patients in critical conditions. RUNX1/AML1/CBFA2 (runt-related transcription factor 1/acute myeloid leukemia 1 protein/core-binding factor subunit alpha-2), is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in the development of normal hematopoiesis. RUNX1 is also essential for the development of immune cells and sensory neurons. Chromosomal translocations involving the gene have been associated with several types of leukemia. To investigate the role of RUNX1 in human hematopoietic development we generated RUNX1-null human embryonic stem cell reporter line GIBHe008-A by TALEN mediated homologous recombination. This cell line GIBHe008-A was subjected to detailed characterization by standard assays for human pluripotent stem cells. It provides an ideal model to study the role of RUNX1 in the hESC-derived developmental models. We report ligand field molecular mechanics, density functional theory and semi-empirical studies on the binding of Cu(II) to GlyHisLys (GHK) peptide. Following exhaustive conformational searching using molecular mechanics, we show that relative energy and geometry of conformations are in good agreement between GFN2-xTB semi-empirical and B3LYP-D DFT levels. Conventional molecular dynamics simulation of Cu-GHK shows the stability of the copper-peptide binding over 100 ps trajectory. Four equatorial bonds in 3N1O coordination remain stable throughout simulation, while a fifth in apical position from C-terminal carboxylate is more fluxional. We also show that the automated conformer and rotamer search algorithm CREST is able to correctly predict the metal binding position from a starting point consisting of separated peptide, copper and water. In almost all eukaryotes, RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural defence mechanism against foreign nucleic acids, including transposons and viruses. It is generally triggered by long double stranded RNA molecules (dsRNA, >50bp) that are processed into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Aprotinin RNAi can be artificially activated by the expression of RNAi triggers through viruses (virus-induced gene silencing, VIGS) and transgenes. Moreover, for almost 10 years, exogenous RNA application methods are developed as tools to induce RNAi in plants. In this review, exogenous RNA application techniques having the potential to activate RNAi with a focus on RNAi-mediated virus resistance will be discussed. Limitations of exogenous RNA applications, targeting of virus vectors and open questions related to mechanistic details that still require further investigation will be pointed out. Microbial symbiosis is widespread among insects. This article reviews our understanding of insect behaviors relevant to commensalistic and mutualistic microbial symbiosis, which has received relatively less attention compared to insect behaviors in parasitic symbiosis. First, we review our knowledge of symbiont transmission behaviors by which the host insects maintain associations with beneficial microorganisms over generations. Some insects that extracellularly harbor mutualistic symbionts exhibit particularly sophisticated behaviors for vertical symbiont transmission. Next, we highlight notable studies on behavioral changes induced by symbiont infection. In the last decade, a number of studies have demonstrated or suggested that mutualistic or commensalistic symbiont infections affect their host behaviors. Finally, future directions regarding these research topics are discussed. OBJECTIVE Assessment of adenoid hypertrophy can be completed through various methods including flexible endoscopy and intraoperative mirror exam. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of adenoid size on the accuracy of these techniques. METHODS Patients younger than 18 years old who underwent adenoidectomy at Boston Medical Center from October 2012 to December 2018 and had documented preoperative and intraoperative adenoid sizes were included. Cases were identified through Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes 42,830 and 42,831 with exclusion of CPT 42820 for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Patients who had less obstruction (75% or less obstruction) and more obstruction (>75%) were compared using Chi-square analysis and t-tests. RESULTS Of 276 patients who underwent adenoidectomy from October 2012 to December 2018, 84 patients had adenoid size determined both preoperatively by flexible endoscopy and intraoperatively. Thirty-eight (45.2%) patients had intraoperative adenoids that were characterized as less obstructive hypertrophy and 46 (54.