Mentee satisfaction increased from 42.5% to 65.4% (

<0.05) throughout the year. Operating room-based practice (

<0.05) and higher postgraduate level (

=0.02) decreased the likelihood of meeting.

Telementorship provided an equal number of encounters compared to the pairs who were asked to meet in-person. Telementorship may serve as an adjunct modality for flexible communication.

Medical mentorship is a key component to medical education. Effective mentorship increases academic research productivity, job satisfaction, and advancement of clinical skills, which translate to improved patient care.

Medical mentorship is a key component to medical education. Effective mentorship increases academic research productivity, job satisfaction, and advancement of clinical skills, which translate to improved patient care.

Multiple sclerosis (MS), as the most common neurologic disorder of the central nervous system, with growing incidence and prevalence worldwide and in the Middle East. This article aimed to find out the potential relationship between MS and air pollution in Iran.

By assessing the published articles on MS and air pollution in Iran, the situation of MS as well as air/soil pollution in Iran was clarified. Then, studies on air pollution and its potential effect on Iranian MS patients were checked until 2020.

The MS prevalence is distributed across Iran Provinces with highest rates in Isfahan, located in the center of Iran. The higher rates of MS in Isfahan and Tehran (the Metropolitan) might be due to industrial pollution of these cities, but this hypothesis is not true for non-industrial provinces. Based on the published atlas of MS in Iran, it seems that there is a high-risk “belt” from northwest to southeast.

There are many risk factors of MS in Iran including age, gender, Vitamin D deficiency, smoking, and air pollution. The potential main risk factor of MS might be air pollution considering Isfahan and Tehran provinces. STAT5-IN-1 However, Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiary Province, with non-industrial nature, has the second highest MS rates which does not follow this hypothesis.

By finding the air pollution as the main potential risk factor of MS in big provinces including Isfahan and Tehran, its effect of this factor can also be considered during diagnosis and treatment.

By finding the air pollution as the main potential risk factor of MS in big provinces including Isfahan and Tehran, its effect of this factor can also be considered during diagnosis and treatment.

Early stage small cell lung cancer (T1-2N0M0SCLC) represents 7% of all SCLC. The standard treatment in patients with intrathoracic SCLC disease is the use of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Nowadays, the recommended management of this highly selected group is surgical resection due to favorable survival outcomes. For medically inoperable patients or those who refuse surgery, there is an increasing interest in evaluating the role of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) for T1-2N0SCLC, transferring the favorable experience obtained on inoperable NSCLC (Non-Small-cell Lung Cancer). In the era of multimodality treatment, adjuvant systemic therapy plays an important role even in the management of early SCLC, increasing the disease-free survival (DFS) and Overall Survival (OS). The benefit of Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation (PCI), that currently has a Category I recommendation for localized stage SLCL, remains controversial in this selected subgroup of patients due to the lower risk of brain metastasis.

This review summarizes the most relevant data on the local management of T1-2N0M0SCLC (surgery and radiotherapy), and evaluates the relevance of adjuvant treatment.

Provides a critical evaluation of best current clinical management options for T1-2N0M0 SCLC.

Provides a critical evaluation of best current clinical management options for T1-2N0M0 SCLC.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central nervous system where an autoimmune response leads to chronic inflammation. It represents the second leading cause of non-traumatic disability in the world, affecting mainly young adults and with high female to male incidence. At present, the causative agent in MS is unknown, preventing the development of prophylaxis policies and the understanding of how the human system copes with this complex inflammation. Tetracyclines (Tet) have attracted great attention due to their anti-inflammatory effects. Minocycline and doxycycline represent the second-generation Tet that have been largely used to treat acne and to suppress inflammation. In addition, they are safer and cheaper than other drugs currently used to treat MS.

This study aims to review recent data involving the Tet minocycline and doxycycline and their therapeutic potential in MS.

Many of the drugs used to treat MS have severe side effects and are costly. Tet, on the other hand, are a safe and inexpensive class of drugs that can modulate the immune response in MS patients.

Many of the drugs used to treat MS have severe side effects and are costly. Tet, on the other hand, are a safe and inexpensive class of drugs that can modulate the immune response in MS patients.

The treatment of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) has changed markedly in recent years as a result of two major treatment milestones Targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Since 2015, immunotherapy has been changing the paradigm of NSCLC treatment in different settings and has contributed to improve the quality of life of these patients. The most widely used immunotherapy strategy in clinical practice is currently PD-1 and CTLA-4 immune checkpoint inhibition-based immunotherapy. Initial successful results came from an improvement in overall survival for pretreated patients, and immunotherapy subsequently moved to a first-line palliative setting as monotherapy, in combination with chemotherapy or as double-checkpoint inhibition. With regard to earlier stages, consolidation immunotherapy after chemoradiation has also changed the paradigm of unresectable NSCLC, with marked benefits in terms of disease-free and overall survival. During the last few years, efforts have focused on the introduction of immunotherapy in earlier stages as neoadjuvant treatment for potentially resectable tumors and in an adjuvant setting, with some very promising results.